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Snowden, Thompson and Troscianko: Basic Vision

Chapter 06

Readings and References

There is a whole book devoted to motion perception (Smith and Snowden, 1994), and since it is by one of us, we shall unashamedly recommend that you buy it. There is also a whole book devoted to the motion after-effect (Mather et al., 1998), and as another of us has a chapter in it we recommend that too. It will provide even the most enthusiastic with more information on this topic than is healthy.

Papers on specific issues

The motion detector: How to build a motion detector is covered by Borst and Egelhaaf (1989), which covers findings from many different species (including ourselves).

Apparent motion: The study of apparent motion has a long history and has been studied both in humans (Braddick, 1980) and in animals (Mikami et al., 1986; ; Newsome et al., 1986).

Speed: The effects of contrast on speed were first documented by Thompson (1982), and then pinched by Snowden et al. (1998). Recent work has begun to look at speed responses in the cells of various brain areas: the papers by Liu and Newsome (2003) and Perrone and Thiele (2001) are interesting.

The motion after-effect: A delightful historical review of this famous effect is given by Wade (1994), which also points to many other readings. Descriptions of the MAE and area MT can be found in Tootell et al. (1995a).

Area MT (V5): For studies of lesions and single cells, Movshon and Newsome (1992) provide a very easy review. For studies of human MT, see Tootell et al. (1995b) and Culham et al. (2001) . The 'Enigma' picture is studied by Zeki et al. (1993) .

Vection and vomit: The study looking at foreground and background can be found in Ohmi and Howard (1988), and the nauseating effects of motion are reviewed by Stern and Koch (1996). The evil fiends making toddlers fall over are Lee and Lishman (1975). That Asians are more susceptible to motion sickness can be pursued in Stern et al. (1996).

The wagon wheel effect: Whether the effect can really be seen in continuous illumination remains an unresolved issue, but the review by Andrews and Purves (2005) weighs up the current knowledge.

Biological motion: The classic work of Johansson is well documented in Johansson (1975). More recent work on similar issues can be found in Shiffrar (1994), and the inevitable fMRI hunt for the brain areas involved is in Grossman et al. (2000).

 

References

Addams, R. (1834). An account of a peculiar optical phænomenon seen after having looked at a moving body. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 5, 373-374.

Andrews, T. and Purves, D. (2005). The wagon-wheel illusion in continuous light. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, 261-263. [PubMed: 15925801] [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.004]  ↑

Borst, A. and Egelhaaf, M. (1989). Principles of visual motion detection. Trends in Neurosciences 12, 297-306. [PubMed: 2475948] [DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236%2889%2990010-6]  ↑

Braddick, O. J. (1980). Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 290, 137-151.  ↑

Culham, J., He, S., Dukelow, S. and Verstraten, F. A. J. (2001). Visual motion and the human brain: what has neuroimaging told us? Acta Psychologica 107, 69-94. [PubMed: 11388143] [DOI: 10.1016/S0001-6918%2801%2900022-1]  ↑

Grossman, E.D., Donnelly, M., Price, R., Pickens, D., Morgan, V., Neighbor, G. and Blake, R. (2000). Brain areas involved in perception of biological motion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 711-720. [PubMed: 11054914] [DOI: 10.1162/089892900562417]  ↑

Johansson, G. (1975). Visual motion perception. Scientific American 232, January, 76-88.  ↑

Lee, D. N. and Lishman, R. (1975) Visual proprioceptive control of stance. Journal of Human Movement Studies 1, 87-95.  ↑

Liu, J. and Newsome, W. T. (2003). Functional organization of speed tuned neurons in visual area MT. Journal of Neurophysiology 89, 246-256. [PubMed: 12522176] [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00097.2002]  ↑

Mather, G., Verstraten, F., and Anstis, S. (1998) The motion after-effect: a modern perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  ↑

Mikami, A., Newsome, W.T., and Wurtz, R. H. (1986). Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. II. Spatiotemporal range of directional interactions in MT and V1. Journal of Neurophysiology 55, 1328-1339. [PubMed: 3734858]  ↑

Movshon, J. A. and Newsome, W. T. (1992). Neural foundations of visual motion perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1, 35-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10767862]  ↑

Newsome, W. T., Mikami, A., and Wurtz, R. H. (1986). Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology 55, 1340-1351. [PubMed: 3734859]  ↑

Ohmi, M. and Howard, I. P. (1988). Effect of stationary objects on illusory forward self-motion induced by a looming display. Perception 17, 5-12. [PubMed: 3205670]  ↑

Perrone, J. A. and Thiele, A. (2001). Speed skills: measuring the visual speed analyzing properties of primate MT neurons. Nature Neuroscience 4, 526-532. [PubMed: 11319562]  ↑

Pinna, B. and Brelstaff, G. J. (2000). A new visual illusion of relative motion. Vision Research 40, 2091-2096. [PubMed: 10878270] [DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6989%2800%2900072-9]

Rechtschaffen, A. and Mednick, O. (1955). The autokinetic word technique. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51, 346-348.

Salzman, C. D., Britten, K. H., and Newsome, W. T. (1990). Cortical microstimulation influences perceptual judgements of motion direction. Nature 346, 174-177. [PubMed: 2366872] [DOI: 10.1038/346174a0]

Shiffrar, M. (1994). When what meets where. Current Directions in Psychological Science 3, 96-100. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770450]  ↑

Smith, A. T. and Snowden, R. J. (1994) Visual detection of motion. New York: Academic Press.  ↑

Snowden, R. J., Stimpson, N., and Ruddle, R. A. (1998). Speed perception fogs up as visibility drops. Nature 392, 450. [PubMed: 9548251] [DOI: 10.1038/33049]  ↑

Stern, R. M. and Koch, K. L. (1996). Motion sickness and differential susceptibility. Current Directions in Psychological Science 5, 115-120. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep11452777]  ↑

Stern, R. M., Hu, S., Uijtdehaage, S. H., Muth, E. R., Xu, L. H., and Koch K. L. (1996). Asian hypersusceptibility to motion sickness. Human Heredity 46, 7-14. [PubMed: 8825456]  ↑

Thompson, P. (1982). Perceived rate of movement depends on contrast. Vision Research 22, 377-380. [PubMed: 7090191] [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989%2882%2990153-5]  ↑

Tootell, R. B. H., Reppas, J. B., Dale, A.M., Look, R. B., Sereno, M. I., Malach, R., Brady, T. S., and Rosen, B. R. (1995a). Visual motion after-effect in human cortical area MT revealed by functional magnetic imaging. Nature 375, 139-141. [DOI: 10.1038/375139a0]  ↑

Tootell, R. B. H., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K., Malach, R., Born, R. T., Brady, T. S., Rosen, B. R., and Belliveau, J. W. (1995b). Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 3215-3230.  ↑

Wade, N. J. (1994). A selective history of the study of visual motion after-effects. Perception 23, 1111-1134. [PubMed: 7899027]  ↑

Zeki, S., Watson, J. D. G., and Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993). Going beyond the information given: the relation of illusory visual motion to brain activity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 252, 215-222. [PubMed: 8394582]  ↑