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Snowden, Thompson and Troscianko: Basic Vision

Chapter 04

Readings and References

A particularly clear exposition of how after-effects can be explained, and how they can be used to probe the visual (or other sensory) systems can be found in Mollon (1974). The whole issue of the measurement of human vision, and the notion of channels, is covered in great depth by Graham (1989). There are also some quite old, but eminently readable, articles such as Ittelson and Kilpatrick (1951) and Gregory (1968).

Papers on specific issues

Adaptation and after-effects Some classic studies in this area are those of Blakemore and Campbell (1969) and Blakemore and Sutton (1971). A more up-to-date overview can be found in Clifford (2002) or Georgeson (2004).

Contrast sensitivity: Two of the more famous studies that show we process images through a series of size-selective mechanisms are Campbell and Robson (1968) and Graham and Nachmias (1971). For a simple overview, see also Campbell and Maffei (1974).

Size: The classic experiment using adaptation is that of Blakemore et al. (1972). For another way of considering whether you can work out what size something really is, try Burbeck and Regan (1983).

Neural basis of adaptation: How do cells adapt? Why do cells adapt? Try Movshon and Lennie (1979); Ohzawa et al. (1982); Carandini (2000), and Georgeson (2004). More recently there have been reports of adaptation taking place earlier in the visual system than previously thought; see Solomon et al. (2004).

Visual illusions: For some explanations of illusions, try Gregory (1997) and Eagleman (2001). There will be a lotmore on illusions in Chapter 11, where we consider the relationship between what we see and how we interact with things, but for now see Glover (2002).

 

References

Blakemore, C. and Campbell, F. W. (1969). On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images. Journal of Physiology (London) 203, 237-260.  ↑

Blakemore, C., Garner, E. T., and Sweet, J. A. (1972). The site of size constancy. Perception 1, 111-119. [PubMed: 4219227]  ↑

Blakemore, C. B. and Sutton, P. (1971). Size adaptation: a new after-effect. Science 166, 245-247.  ↑

Burbeck, C. A. and Regan, D. (1983). Independence of orientation and size in spatial discriminations. Journal of the Optical Society of America 73, 1691-1694. [PubMed: 6663372]  ↑

Campbell, F. W. and Maffei, L. (1974). Contrast and spatial frequency. Scientific American 231, November, 106-113. [PubMed: 4432059]  ↑

Campbell, F. W. and Robson, J. G. (1968). Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. Journal of Physiology (London) 197, 551-566.  ↑

Carandini, M. (2000). Visual cortex: fatigue and adaptation. Current Biology 10(16), R1-R3. [DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822%2800%2900637-0]  ↑

Clifford, C. W. G. (2002). Perceptual adaptation: motion parallels orientation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(3), 136-143. [PubMed: 11861192] [DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613%2800%2901856-8]  ↑

De Valois, R., Yund, E., and Hepler, N. (1982). The orientation and direction selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex. Vision Research 22, 531-544. [PubMed: 7112953] [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989%2882%2990112-2]

Eagleman, D. M. (2001). Visual illusions and neurobiology. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2(12), 920-926. [PubMed: 11733799] [DOI: 10.1038/35104092]  ↑

Georgeson, M. (2004). Visual after-effects: cortical neurons change their tune. Current Biology 14(18), R751-R753. [PubMed: 15380084] [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.011]  ↑

Glover, S. (2002). Visual illusions affect planning but not control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(7), 288-292. [PubMed: 12110361] [DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613%2802%2901920-4]  ↑

Graham, N. and Nachmias, J. (1971). Detection of grating patterns containing two spatial frequencies: a comparison of single-channel and multiple-channel models. Vision Research 11, 251-259. [PubMed: 5579840] [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989%2871%2990189-1]  ↑

Graham, N. (1989) Visual pattern analyzers. New York: Oxford University Press.  ↑

Gregory, R. L. (1968). Visual illusions. Scientific American 219, November, 66-76. [PubMed: 5680232]  ↑

Gregory, R. L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 352(1358), 1121-1127. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0095]  ↑

Ittelson, W. H. and Kilpatrick, F. P. (1951). Experiments in perception. Scientific American 185, August, 50-55.  ↑

Mollon, J. D. (1974). After-effects and the brain. New Scientist, 61, 479-482.  ↑

Movshon, J. A. and Lennie, P. (1979). Pattern-selective adaptation in visual cortical neurons. Nature 278, 850-852. [PubMed: 440411] [DOI: 10.1038/278850a0]  ↑

Ohzawa, I., Sclar, G. and Freeman, R. D. (1982). Contrast gain control in the cat visual cortex. Nature 298, 266-268. [PubMed: 7088176] [DOI: 10.1038/298266a0]  ↑

Solomon, S. G., Peirce, J. W., Dhruv, N. T., and Lennie, P. (2004). Profound contrast adaptation early in the visual pathway. Neuron 42(1), 155-162. [PubMed: 15066272] [DOI: 10.1016/S0896-6273%2804%2900178-3]  ↑