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Question 1

Ontogeny is:

a) development of the ear.

b) the evolutionary history of a species or group.

c) the study of cancer.

d) the development of an individual organism.

e) the pattern formation process that follows gastrulation.

Question 2

In humans, the branchial arches have evolved to give rise to:

a) bones in the human ear.

b) gills that form during embryonic stages.

c) vertebrae of the neck.

d) the skull.

e) all of the above.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is a true statement?

a) Limbs evolved from fins.

b) Kidneys evolved from jaws.

c) Bat wings evolved from horse's hooves.

d) Insects evolved from crustaceans.

e) Humans evolved from present-day monkeys.

Question 4

The absence of limbs in snakes may be attributable to the evolution changes in:

a) collagen proteins.

b) apical ectodermal ridge formation.

c) BMP signaling.

d) Hox gene expression.

e) FGF.

Question 5

Hedgehog family genes specify the _____ position in both vertebrate and insect wings.

a) dorsal

b) ventral

c) anterior

d) posterior

e) distal

Question 6

The Hox gene complexes of mice and other mammals have evolved by:

a) the splitting of one cluster into two.

b) the duplication of a single ancestral Hox gene such as the one found in insects.

c) the duplication of the ancestral cluster.

d) the loss of three clusters from the ancestral condition of four clusters.

e) the loss of the genes responsible for making the fly's wings.

Question 7

Which provides an example of the evolution of new forms through the modification of preexisting structures?

a) Evolution of the vertebrate kidney.

b) Formation of the bat wing.

c) Development of the horse's hoof.

d) Evolution of the inner ear in humans.

e) All of the above.

Question 8

Changes in the timing of developmental events is called:

a) neoteny.

b) ontogeny.

c) heterochrony.

d) phylogeny.

e) allometry.

Question 9

A key evolutionary event that allowed the evolution of the bilaterally symmetric triploblasts from the common ancestor of the triploblasts and the diploblasts would have been:

a) the evolution of limbs.

b) the evolution of a nervous system.

c) the evolution of a gut.

d) the evolution of the mesoderm.

e) the evolution of an antero-posterior axis.

Question 10

How would you expect HOX genes to be expressed in millipedes, where all segments bear similar legs, when compared to insects?

a) The leg specifying HOX genes would be expressed in all leg-bearing segments.

b) HOX gene expression would be the same as in insects, but the interpretation of segmental identity would have evolved.

c) The HOX code is unlikely to be at all similar in millipedes as it is in insects, and so the expression of HOX genes would be impossible to predict.

d) Other genes would have to have evolved to specify legs in millipedes, since millipedes would form wings on thoracic segments if they express HOX genes.

e) Millipedes probably do not have or use HOX genes to specify identity along the anterior-posterior axis.

Oxford University Press, Online Resource Centre, Chapter 14.

Chapter 14

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