Insurgents

• Recognition of belligerency:
  • Special message from President Grant, 13 June 1870
    [Link to PDF document - 44kB]

  • Annual message from President Grant, 1875
    [www.usa-presidents.info/union/grant-7.html]
  • US recognition of belligerency between the Czecho-Slovaks and the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires (1918)
    [www2.tltc.ttu.edu/kelly/Archive/CzSl/9-3-18.html]

• Treaty-making power:
  • Article 3 common to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions
    [www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/c525816bde96b7fd41256739003e636a/
    baa341028ebff1e8c12563cd00519e66?OpenDocument]
  • Comment to Article 3 common to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions
    [www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/b466ed681ddfcfd241256739003e6368/
    1919123e0d121fefc12563cd0041fc08?OpenDocument]

• Immunities of officials of the insurgent party:
  • US Supreme Court Judgement in Underhill v. Hernandez (1897)
    [teaching.law.cornell.edu/faculty/drwcasebook/docs/Underhill%20v.%20Hernandez.edited.pdf]

• Treaty rules on internal conflicts:
  • Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954)
    [www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/
    ea805b1d46112374c125641e004ac0a3?OpenDocument]
  • Second Geneva Protocol (1977)
    [www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/
    d67c3971bcff1c10c125641e0052b545?OpenDocument]
  • Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996
    [www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/
    05e54e8fb1a42782c125641f002d5ee5?OpenDocument]

Sui generis entities

• The Holy See: Lateran Treaty (11 February 1929)
  [www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm]

• The Sovereign Order of Malta: homepage
  [www.orderofmalta.org/struttura.asp?idlingua=5]

• The International Committee of the Red Cross: homepage
  [www.icrc.org]

International Organizations

• International Court of Justice, summary of the Advisory Opinion of 1949 in Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations
  [www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/iisunsummary490411.htm]

• International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion of 1996 in The Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict
  [www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/icases/ianw/ianwframe.htm]

• First Report to the ILC on responsibility of international organizations, by Mr Giorgio Gaja
  [ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/300/28/PDF/N0330028.pdf?OpenElement]

• Second Report to the ILC on responsibility of international organizations, by Mr Giorgio Gaja
  [ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/296/68/PDF/N0429668.pdf?OpenElement]

• 2002 Report of the ILC on responsibility of international organizations
  [www.un.org/law/ilc/reports/2002/2002report.htm]

• 2003 Report of the ILC on responsibility of international organizations
  [www.un.org/law/ilc/reports/2003/2003report.htm]

• 2004 Report of the ILC on responsibility of international organizations
  [www.un.org/law/ilc/reports/2004/2004report.htm]

National Liberation Movements

• Art. 96 of the First Geneva Protocol of 1977
  [www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/b0d5f4c1f4b8102041256739003e6366/
  4b3ebfb356e8fa04c12563cd0051e2fc?OpenDocument]

Individuals

• Traditional law:
  • Permanent Court of International Justice, Advisory Opinion in Danzig Railway Officials (1928)
    [www.icj-cij.org/cijwww/cdecisions/ccpij/serie_B/B_15/01_
    Competence_des_tribunaux_de_Danzig_Avis_consultatif.pdf]

• Modern law:
  • Customary rules imposing obligations on individuals: excerpts from the Judgement of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg
    [www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/judlawch.htm]
  • Treaty provisions conferring rights on individuals providing the right to petition international bodies:
    • European Convention on Human Rights
      [conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=005&CL=ENG]
    • International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination
      [www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm]
    • Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
      [www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_opt.htm]
    • American Convention on Human Rights
      [www.oas.org/juridico/english/Treaties/b-32.htm]
    • Constitution of the International Labour Organization
      [www.ilo.org/public/english/about/iloconst.htm]