Chapter 2: History and philosophy of zoos

Further information about London Zoo's architectural heritage can be found online at www.zsl.org/about-us/zoo-architecture,103,AR.html

Linton Zoo in Cambridgeshire states that its emphasis is on conservation and education, while providing an enjoyable family day out (www.lintonzoo.com).

The booklet, Ethics, Morality and Animal Biotechnology, referred to in the book, can be downloaded, free of charge, as a PDF file from the BBSRC website, at www.bbsrc.ac.uk/organisation/policies/position/public_interest/animal_biotechnology.pdf

Chapter 3: Regulatory framework

Further information about the EU and about EU law can be found online at http://europa.eu/.

Approximately 5,000 animal and 28,000 plant species are listed in three appendices to CITES (see www.cites.org)

Additional guidance on the international transport of live animals is available from the Animal Transportation Association (AATA) (see www.aata-animaltransport.org)

OIE publications include the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, which is published annually, and the Aquatic Animal Health Code: www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm

The website of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) provides a useful overview to the IUCN guidelines for reintroduction - see www.biaza.org.uk/public/pages/conservation/reintro.asp

The website of Bristol Zoo contains a very good summary of the ZLA and the process of zoo licensing: www.bristolzoo.org.uk/learning/facts/keepers/

The Zoos Forum Handbook is currently found at www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/protection/zoo/zf-handbook.htm

The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) provides guidelines and advice on best practice for UK zoos: www.biaza.org.uk/

The Association of British Wild Animal Keepers (ABWAK) is another source of information (see www.abwak.co.uk), producing husbandry guidelines for a range of taxa.

The WLCA implements European conservation regulations such as the Berne Convention (see http://jncc.gov.uk/page-3614 for a useful guide to the WLCA).

The UK government Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has produced two useful online guides: firstly, Managing Health and Safety in Zoos (available at www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web15.pdf); secondly, a guide to the COSHH Regulations (available at www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg136.pdf).

The website of the Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) (www.zooreach.org) includes much useful information about zoo legislation, standards, and guidelines for zoos in South East Asia and Australia.

The International Congress on Zookeeping website (www.iczoo.org) lists the main national and regional zookeepers’ associations worldwide.

The text of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) is available at www.cbd.int/convention/convention.shtml. The full text of the EC Zoos Directive is available online at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/1999/l_094/l_09419990409en00240026.pdf.

The full version of the Regulations amending the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (© Crown Copyright 2002) is available online at www.legislation.gov.uk/si/si2002/20023080.htm. A useful summary of the key points of the Zoo Licensing Act 1981, as amended, is available from Defra (Circular 02/2003; © Crown Copyright 2003) at www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/pdf/protection/zoo-gc022003.pdf.

Along with much other useful information for UK zoos, the SSSMZP can be found online at www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/protection/zoo/standards.htm.

The Scottish Government website (www.scotland.gov.uk) is a good source of information about devolved legislation, such as animal welfare legislation, in Scotland; the corresponding websites for Northern Ireland and for Wales are www.northernireland.gov.uk and www.wales.gov.uk.

TRAFFIC (a joint programme of WWF and the IUCN) has produced a very helpful summary of the documentation needed for trading wild animals (and animal specimens) into and within the EU. This can be found at www.eu-wildlifetrade.org. The implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) within the EU is summarized in an EC publication, The Convention on Biological Diversity: Implementation in the European Union. This is available online at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/biodiversity/international/pdf/brochure_en.pdf.

The website of the Eurogroup for Animal Welfare (www.eurogroupanimalwelfare.org) provides access to a useful publication that monitors the implementation of the EC Zoos Directive in member states: the Report on the Implementation of the EU Zoos Directive (Eurogroup for Animal Welfare, 2006), available online at http://eurogroupforanimals.org/policy/pdf/zooreportdec2006.pdf.

For information about legislation governing zoos in South East Asia, the Zoo Outreach Organisation publishes much useful information online at www.zooreach.org/ZooLegislation/ZooLegislation.htm.

Chapter 4: Behaviour

For anybody who wants to know more about animal behaviour, the websites of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) - http://asab.nottingham.ac.uk - and the Animal Behavior Society (ABS) - www.animalbehavior.org - provide a great deal of information and also links to other behaviour-related websites.

The International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE) caters for those who are interested in applied aspects of animal behaviour, such as the effects of captivity and human interaction. Its website - www.applied-ethology.org - contains relevant information and links.

Chapter 5: Animal identification and record keeping

The Mammal Species of the World (MSW) database hosted by the Smithsonian Institution can be found at http://vertebrates.si.edu/mammals/msw/. The equivalent authority for birds is Sibley and Monroe (1990; 1993), which is also available as a database on the Internet - www.ornitaxa.com/SM/SMOrg/sm.html. Similar Internet databases exist for amphibians (hosted by the American Museum of Natural History at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php) and reptiles (at www.reptile-database.org/).

The are many different manufactuers that make identification tags for animals. A website that is particularly useful is that of Dalton Rototags (www.dalton.co.uk). Dalton produces a range of tags from the 'Minitag', to the 'JumboTag'. These are suitable for many different species and are widely used for tagging livestock in the UK, as well as wild animals from rabbits to seals (see, for example, Testa and Rothery, 1992). Other tag manufacturers in the UK include Allflex (www.allflex.co.uk) and Fearing (www.fearing.co.uk); the online catalogues of all three of these companies include advice on best practice during tagging. In the USA, Biomark (www.biomark.com) is a well-established provider of animal identification tags.

The ISIS website - www.isis.org - contains a wealth of information, including listings of zoos in which different animal species are held and presentations on the new ZIMS software.

Chapter 6: Housing and husbandry

The SSSMZP (Defra, 2004), referred to on numerous occasions throughout this chapter, is available to download and read in its entirety at www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/protection/zoo/standards.htm.

We should also direct you to the ZooLex website- www.zoolex.org - which is a site endorsed by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) which provides an extensive zoo animal design bibliography, as well as numerous case studies about zoo exhibits constructed worldwide.

Chapter 7: Animal welfare

There are a couple of websites that provide useful information about the practical implementation or assessment of animal welfare. The government website that details the regulation that governs practice in the UK can be found on www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/default.htm, and many of the regional zoo associations provide information detailing the expectations that they have of their member zoos, in terms of general animal management.

A website that you should all visit is www.vet.ed.ac.uk/animalpain, which provides brilliant and comprehensive coverage of animal pain.

Chapter 8: Environmental enrichment

The Shape of Enrichment Inc. - www.enrichment.org - is a not-for-profit international organization that promotes, through its quarterly newsletter, training workshops, and international and regional conferences and meetings, the implementation of enrichment. A sub-group of Shape is the Regional Environmental Enrichment Committees - www.reec.info - which provide grass-roots support for the international organization.

Chapter 9: Captive breeding

It is probably prudent to consider the texts referred to at the end of the chapter as the best port of call for further detail about the theory underpinning many of the issues discussed in this chapter, whereas the websites available can provide more information about how animal management programmes operate in practice.

The various zoo association (AZA, EAZA, etc.) websites provide much detail about the captive management programmes that they run, along with varying degrees of additional information. The AZA Wildlife Contraception Center (WCC), a contraceptive advisory group to the AZA, has a very good website - www.stlzoo.org/animals/scienceresearch/contraceptioncenter - featuring recommendations and lots more.

The website of the Frozen Ark Project - www.frozenark.org - has very good short explanations of topics such as ‘Why DNA?', and the viability of frozen cells and tissue.

Chapter 10: Conservation

The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, published under the title Building a Future for Wildlife (WAZA, 2005), is both accessible and readable. This document can be downloaded from the WAZA website - www.waza.org - and is a good starting point for further reading about how accredited zoos are expected to be involved in the conservation of biodiversity.

Conservation activities often move very quickly and are not always reported in the scientific literature, so a good way of finding out more about the projects in which zoos are currently involved is to look at the websites of the individual zoos themselves, as well as those of the associations such as BIAZA, EAZA, and AZA.

The IUCN website - www.iucn.org - features a considerable amount of information, including a searchable version of the Red Data List.

Chapter 11: Health

For zoos within the UK (and, indeed, further afield), there is a wealth of useful information about animal health care on the Defra website - www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/default.htm. This includes guidelines on current legislation, as well as information on topics such as notifiable diseases and updates on the current situation with regard to outbreaks of AI in wild birds.

The BIAZA - www.biaza.org.uk - and EAZA - http://www.eaza.net/Pages/European%20Association%20of%20Zoos%20and%20Aquaria.aspx - websites are another good source of information about animal health issues relating to zoos. For zoos in North America, the websites of both AZA - see the pages at www.aza.org/AnMgt/AnimalHealth/ - and the AAZV - www.aazv.org - provide information about zoo animal health care and related issues such as quarantine regulations, with links to various guidelines and reports. Information about a wide range of animal health issues in Australia, and particularly about infectious disease, can be found on the AHA website - http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/.

Chapter 12: Feeding and nutrition

The Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) has produced a series of technical papers on the nutrition of captive wild animals, which are available online at www.nagonline.net.

The National Research Council (NRC) guidelines are published in the USA by the National Academy Press (NAP), which provides much useful material free of charge online (see the ‘Free resources' section under each publication title online at www.nap.edu).

Further information about Zootrition™ can be found on the St Louis Zoo website, at www.stlzoo.org/animals/animalfoodnutritioncenter/zootrition.

From the USA, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has an extensive searchable database of nutrient values for a very wide range of human foodstuffs, which is available online at at www.ars.usda.gov.

Finally, the website of the Comparative Nutrition Society - www.cnsweb.org - has details of published proceedings of the meetings of the Society. (The interests of the Society are wide-ranging, and span nutrition, physiology, and biochemistry across all animal taxa.)

Chapter 13: Human–animal interactions

If you are interested in studying human–animal interaction further, there is a society devoted to that cause: the International Society for Anthrozoology - www.isaz.net - organizes conferences and publishes the journal Anthrozöos.

Those who are sufficiently motivated to undertake their own research in the area of human–animal interaction in the zoo are advised to read the research guidelines by Mitchell and Hosey (2005), which are available at the BIAZA website - www.biaza.org.uk.

For those wishing to take their knowledge and expertise of training further, the Animal Behaviour Management Alliance (ABMA) - www.theabma.org - provides information and help to members.

Zoo education is now a large and innovative field, and a good place to see what is being done is the web page of the International Zoo Educators Association - www.izea.net/index.htm - on which news, information, and online access to the Association's journal are available.

Chapter 14: Research

Methods of implementing zoo research are described in the various research guidelines published by BIAZA (Wehnelt et al., 2003; Plowman, 2006; Smith, 2004; Mitchell and Hosey, 2005; Plowman et al., 2006; Pankhurst and Knight, forthcoming), all of which are available online at www.biaza.org.uk. Also in this series are guidelines on how to publish the results of zoo research (Pankhurst et al., 2008). Copies of BIAZA Research Conference Proceedings and the regular research newsletters can be obtained from this site as well.

Anyone interested in undertaking behavioural research in a zoo should investigate zoos' websites for information about what sort of research it might be possible to undertake there and what special application procedures may apply, because they will need to request permission to conduct their research there first.

Chapter 15: We hope you enjoyed your visit

Indianapolis Zoo in North America launched a new website in 2008 to promote environmentally responsible and sustainable behaviour at the level of individual households - www.mycarbonpledge.com

The AAZK website has a useful page on zookeeping as a career at http://aazk.org/zoo-keeping-as-a-career

Membership of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (which entitles the member to add the designation ‘MRCVS' after their name) is a legal requirement in the UK before a holder of a BvetMEd or VetMB degree can practise as a veterinarian (see www.rcvs.org.uk for further details)

At the time of writing this book, there are no specific qualifications available in the UK for veterinary nurses working with wild animals in a zoo, although the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) sometimes offers summer work experience placements for veterinary nurses and trainee veterinary nurses. For further details, see www.zsl.org