« Home

Home / Biosciences » Animal Science & Animal Management » Biosciences » Animal Behaviour » Hosey, Melfi & Pankhurst: Zoo Animals » Student resources » Hyperlinked bibliography » References A - G

Hosey, Melfi & Pankhurst: Zoo Animals

References A - G

A - B - C - D - E - F - G

Please note that some of the sites you will be directed to from this page require a username and password to access the article.

AATA (Animal Transport Association). (2007) AATA Manual for the Transportation of Live Animals (2nd edn), Houston, TX: AATA.

AAZK (American Association of Zoo Keepers) (2004) Enrichment Notebook (CD-ROM format) (3rd edn), Topeka, KS: AAZK.

AAZK (American Association of Zoo Keepers) (2005) Zoonotic Diseases (CD-ROM format) (3rd edn), Topeka, KS: AAZK.

Abello, M. T., Colell, M., and Martin, M. (2007) Integration of one hand-reared cherry-crowned mangabey Cercocebus torquatus torquatus and two hand-reared drills Mandrillus leucophaeus into their respective family groups at Barcelona Zoo, International Zoo Yearbook, 41: 156–65 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00001.x].

Abeyesinghe, S. M., Nicol, C. J., Hartnell, S. J., and Wathes, C. M. (2005) Can domestic fowl, Gallus Gallus domesticus, show self-control?’, Animal Behaviour, 70: 1–11.

Adams, D. and Carwardine, M. (1991) Last Chance to See, London: Pan Books.

Addessi, E., Stammati, M., Sabbatini, G., and Visalberghi, E. (2005) How tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) rank monkey chow in relation to other foods, Animal Welfare, 14: 215–22.

Adelman, L. M., Falk, J. H., and James, S. (2000) Impact of National Aquarium in Baltimore on visitors’ conservation attitudes, behavior and knowledge, Curator, 43: 33–61.

Adey, W. and Loveland, K. (2007) Dynamic Aquaria: Building Living Ecosystems, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Alcock, J. (2005) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (8th edn), Sunderland, MA: The Sinauer Associates.

Alford, P. L., Bloomsmith, M. A., Keeling, M. E., and Beck, T. F. (1995) Wounding aggression during the formation and maintenance of captive, multimale chimpanzee groups, Zoo Biology, 14: 347–59 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430140406].

Allchurch, A. F. (2003) Yersiniosis in all taxa in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 724–27.

Allen, M. E. and Ullrey, D. E. (2004) Relationships among nutrition and reproduction and relevance for wild animals, Zoo Biology, 23: 475–87 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20029].

Altman, J. D. (1998) Animal activity and visitor learning at the zoo, Anthrozoös, 11: 12–21.

Altmann, J. (1974) Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods, Behaviour, 49: 227–67 [DOI: 10.1163/156853974X00534] [PubMed: 4597405].

Amato, G., Wharton, D., Zainuddin, Z. Z., and Powell, J. R. (1995) Assessment of conservation units for the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), Zoo Biology, 14: 395–402 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430140502].

Ammerman, C. B. and Goodrich, R. D. (1983) Advances in mineral nutrition in ruminants, Journal of Animal Science (Supplement), 57: 519–33.

Amosin, A., Payungporn, S., Theamboonlers, A., Thanawongnuwech, R., Suradhat, S., Pariyothorn, N., Tantilertcharoen, R., Damrongwantanapokin, S., Buranathai, C., Chaisingh, A., Songserm, T., and Poovorawan, Y. (2006) Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from zoo tigers in Thailand, Virology, 344: 480–91 [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.032].

Andereck, K. L. and Caldwell, L. L. (1994) Variable selection in tourism market segmentation models, Journal of Travel Research, 33: 40–6 [DOI: 10.1177/004728759403300207].

Anderson, J. and Chamove, A. (1984) Allowing captive primates to forage in Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Standards in Laboratory Animal Management, Wheathampsted: UFAW, pp. 253–356.

Anderson, U. S., Benne, M., Bloomsmith, M., and Maple, T. (2002) Retreat space and human visitor density moderate undesirable behaviour in petting zoo animals, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5: 125–37 [DOI: 10.1207/S15327604JAWS0502_03] [PubMed: 12738581].

Anderson, U. S., Kelling, A. S., Pressley-Keough, R., Bloomsmith, M. A., and Maple, T. L. (2003) Enhancing the zoo visitor’s experience by public animal training and oral interpretation at an otter exhibit, Environment and Behaviour, 35: 826–41 [DOI: 10.1177/0013916503254746].

Anziani, O., Zimmermann, G., Guglielmone, A., Forchieri, M., and Volpogni, M. (2000) Evaluation of insecticide ear tags containing ethion for control of pyrethroid-resistant Haematobia irritans (L.) on dairy cattle, Veterinary Parasitology, 91: 147–51 [DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00254-5] [PubMed: 10889367].

Appleby, M. C. (1999) What Should We Do About Animal Welfare?, Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Appleby, M. C. and Hughes, B. O. (1991) Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems: environmental, physical and behavioural aspects, Journal of Wild Poultry Science, 47: 109–28 [DOI: 10.1079/WPS19910013].

Appleby, M. C. and Hughes, B. O. (1997) Animal Welfare, Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing.

Arendt, J. and Skene, D. J. (2005) Melatonin as a chronobiotic, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9: 25–39 [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2004.05.002] [PubMed: 15649736].

ARAZPA (Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria). (2008). About ARAZPA, available online at (accessed April 2008).

Armstrong, S. (2004) A taste for grass: do zebra (Equus burchelli) have a preference for individual grass species? in C. McDonald (ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth Annual BIAZA Research Meeting, 8–9 July, Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, pp. 43–5.

Armstrong, S. and Botzler, R. (2003) The Animal Ethics Reader, London: Routledge.

Armstrong, S. and Marples, N. (2005) Do captive plains zebra (E. burchelli) have a preference for individual grass species? in T. P. Meehan and M. E. Allen (eds), Proceedings of the Fourth European Zoo Nutrition Conference, 20–23 January, Leipzig Zoo, EAZA.

Asa, C. S. (1996) ‘Reproductive physiology’ in D. G. Kleiman, M. Allen, K. Thompson, and S. Lumpkin (eds), Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 390–417.

Asa, C. S. and Portion. I. J. (2005) Wildlife Contraception: Issues, Methods and Applications, Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.

Ashley, P. J. (2007) Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 104: 199–235 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.001].

Asvestas, C. and Reininger, M. (1999) Forming a bachelor group of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 38: 14.

Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J., and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1996) Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology (12th edn), London: Harcourt Brace.

Aujard, F., Seguy, M., Terrien, J., Botalla, R., Blanc, S., and Perret, M. (2006) Behavioral thermoregulation in a non-human primate: effects of age and photoperiod on temperature selection, Experimental Gerontology, 41: 784–92 [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.06.001] [PubMed: 16842958].

Austin, M., Leader, L., and Reilly, N. (2005) Prenatal stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and fetal and infant neurobehaviour, Early Human Development, 81: 917–26 [DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.07.005] [PubMed: 16169164].

AZA (American Association of Zoos and Aquariums) (1999) The Collective Impact of America’s Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD: AZA.

Back to top

Bach, C. (1998) Birth Date Determination in Australasian Marsupials, Taronga Zoo, Sydney: ARAZPA.

Baillie, J. M., Hilton-Taylor, C., and Stuart, S. N. (2004) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: A Global Species Assessment, Gland: IUCN.

Baker, K. C. (1997) Straw and forage material ameliorate abnormal behaviour in adult chimpanzees, Zoo Biology, 16: 225–36 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:3<225::AID-ZOO3>3.3.CO;2-H].

Baker, K. C. (2000) Advanced age influences chimpanzee behavior in small social groups, Zoo Biology, 19: 111–19 [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:2<111::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-5].

Baker, K. C. (2004) Benefits of positive human interaction for socially housed chimpanzees, Animal Welfare, 13: 239–45.

Balke, J. M. E., Barker, I. K., Hackenberger, M. K., McManamon, R., and Boever, W. J. (1988) Reproductive anatomy of three nulliparous female Asian elephants: the development of artificial breeding techniques, Zoo Biology, 7: 99–113 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430070203].

Balmford, A. (2000) Separating fact from artefact in analyses of zoo visitor preferences, Conservation Biology, 14: 1193–5 [DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99078.x].

Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N., and Green, M. J. B. (1995) Parks or arks: where to preserve threatened mammals?, Biodiversity and Conservation, 4: 595–607 [DOI: 10.1007/BF00222516].

Balmford, A., Mace, G. M., and Leader-Williams, N. (1996) Designing the ark: setting priorities for captive breeding, Conservation Biology, 10: 719–27 [DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030719.x].

Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N., Mace, G. M., Manica, A., Walter, O., West, C., and Zimmermann, A. (2007) Message received? Quantifying the impact of informal conservation education on adults visiting UK zoos in A. Zimmermann, M. Hatchwell, L. Dickie, and C. West (eds), Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–36.

Baratay, E. and Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2004) Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West, London: Reaktion Books.

Barker, D., Fitzpatrick, M. P., and Dierenfeld, E. S. (1998) Nutrient composition of selected whole invertebrates, Zoo Biology, 17: 123–34 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:2<123::AID-ZOO7>3.0.CO;2-B].

Barnard, C. and Hurst, J. (1996) Welfare by design: the natural selection of welfare criteria, Animal Welfare, 56: 405–33.

Barnard, C., Gilbert, F., and McGregor, P. (1993) Asking Questions in Biology: Design, Analysis and Presentation in Practical Work, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Barr, S., Laming, P. R., Dick, J. T. A., and Elwood, R. W. (2008) Nociception or pain in a decapod crustacean?, Animal Behaviour, 75: 745–51 [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.004].

Barrington-Johnson, J. (2005) The Zoo: The Story of London Zoo, London: Robert Hale.

Bartlett, A. D. (1890) Life Among Wild Beasts in the Zoo, London: Chapman & Hall.

Bartlett, A. D. (1898) Wild Animals in Captivity, London: Chapman & Hall.

Bashaw, M. J. and Maple, T. L. (2001) Signs fail to increase zoo visitors’ ability to see tigers, Curator, 44: 297–304.

Bashaw, M. J., Tarou, L. R., Maki, T. S., and Maple, T. L. (2001) A survey assessment of variables related to stereotypy in captive giraffe and okapi, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 73(3): 235–47 [DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00137-X] [PubMed: 11376840].

Bashaw, M. J., Bloomsmith, M. A., Marr, M. J., and Maple, T. L. (2003) To hunt or not to hunt? A feeding enrichment experiment with captive large felids, Zoo Biology, 22(2): 189–98 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10065].

Bassett, L. and Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2007) Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Conservation, Enrichment and Animal Behaviour, 102: 223–45.

Bassett, L., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., McKinley, J., and Smith, T. E. (2003) Effects of training on stress-related behaviour of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in relation to coping with routine husbandry procedures, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6: 221–33 [DOI: 10.1207/S15327604JAWS0603_07] [PubMed: 14612270].

Bateson, P. and Bradshaw, E. (1997) Physiological effects of hunting red deer (Cervus elaphus), Proceedings of the Royal Society (Series B: Biological Sciences), 264: 1707–14.

Bauert, M. R., Furrer, S. C., Zingg, R., and Steinmetz, H. W. (2007) Three years of experience running the Masoala Rainforest ecosystem at Zurich Zoo, Switzerland, International Zoo Yearbook, 41: 203–16 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00012.x].

Baxter, E. and Plowman, A. B. (2001) The effect of increasing dietary fibre on feeding, rumination and oral stereotypies in captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), Animal Welfare, 10: 281–90.

Beardsworth, A. and Bryman, A. E. (2001) The wild animal in late modernity: the case of the Disneyization of zoos, Tourist Studies, 1: 83–104.

Beck, B. B., Rapaport, L. G., Stanley-Price, M. R., and Wilson, A. C. (1994) Reintroduction of captive born animals in P. J. S. Olney, G. M. Mace, and A. T. C. Feistner (eds), Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals, London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 265–86.

Beckoff, M. and Byers, J. (1998) Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bell, C. E. (ed.). (2001) Encyclopedia of the World’s Zoos, Chicago, IL/London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

Benirschke, K., Kumamoto, A. T., and Bogart, M. H. (1981) Congenital anomalies in Lemur variegatus, Journal of Medical Primatology, 10: 38–45 [PubMed: 7277463].

Bennett, P. (2001) Establishing animal germplasm resource banks for wildlife conservation: genetic, population and evolutionary aspects in P. Watson and W. Holt (eds), Cryobanking the Genetic Resource: Wildlife Conservation for the Future?, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 47–67.

Berg, J. K. (1983) Vocalizations and associated behaviours of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in captivity, Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 63: 63–79.

Berge, G. M. (1990) Freeze branding of Atlantic halibut, Aquaculture 89: 383–6 [DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(90)90141-9].

Bergeron, R., Badnell-Waters, A., Lambton, S., and Mason, G. (2006) Stereotypic oral behaviour in captive ungulates: foraging, diet and gastrointestinal function in G. J. Mason (ed.), Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare, Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing, pp. 19–57.

Berkson, G., Mason, W., and Saxon, S. (1963) Situation and stimulus effect on stereotyped behaviours of chimpanzees, Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 56: 786–92 [DOI: 10.1037/h0044086].

Bernard, J. B. (1997) Vitamin D and Ultraviolet Radiation: Meeting Lighting Needs for Captive Animals, EAZA Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG) Fact Sheet 002 (July 1997), available online at.

Bernard, J. B., Watkins, B., and Ullrey, D. (1989) Manifestations of vitamin D deficiency in chicks reared under different artificial lighting regimes, Zoo Biology, 8: 349–55 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430080405].

Bernstein, I. S. (1967) Defining the natural habitat in D. Starck, R. Schneider, and H.-J. Kuhn (eds), Progress in Primatology, Stuttgart: Fischer, pp. 177–9.

Bertolino, S., Viano, C., and Currado, I. (2001) Population dynamics, breeding patterns and spatial use of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) in an Alpine habitat, Journal of Zoology, 253: 513–21 [DOI: 10.1017/S0952836901000474].

Besag, J. and Clifford, P. (1989) Generalized Monte Carlo significance tests, Biometrika, 76: 633–42 [DOI: 10.1093/biomet/76.4.633].

Bestelmeyer, S. V. (1999) Behavioural changes associated with introductions of male maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) to females with pups, Zoo Biology, 18: 189–97 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:3<189::AID-ZOO3>3.3.CO;2-V].

BIAZA (British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums) (2007) Working Together for Wildlife, London: BIAZA. Birke, L. (2002) ‘Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive orang-utans’, Animal Welfare, 11: 189–202.

Bitgood, S. (2002) Environmental psychology in museums, zoos and other exhibition centres in R. B. Bechtel and A. Churchman (eds), Handbook of Environmental Psychology, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 461–80.

Bitgood, S., Patterson, D., and Benefield, A. (1988) Exhibit design and visitor behavior: empirical relationships, Environment and Behavior, 20: 474–91 [DOI: 10.1177/0013916588204006].

Blaney, E. C. and Wells, D. L. (2004) The influence of a camouflage net barrier on the behaviour, welfare and public perceptions of zoo-housed gorillas, Animal Welfare, 13: 111–18.

Blasetti, A., Boltani, L., Riviello, M. C., and Visalberghi, E. (1988) Activity budgets and use of enclosed space by wild boars (Sus scrofa) in captivity, Zoo Biology, 7: 69–79 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430070108].

Blomqvist, L. (1995) Three decades of snow leopards Panthera uncia in captivity, International Zoo Yearbook, 34: 178–85 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1995.tb00677.x].

Bloomsmith, M. A. and Lambeth, S. P. (1995) Effects of predictable versus unpredictable feeding schedules on chimpanzee behavior, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 44: 65–74 [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00570-I].

Bloomsmith, M. A. and Lambeth, S. P. (2000) Videotapes as enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Zoo Biology, 19: 541–51 [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:6<541::AID-ZOO6>3.0.CO;2-3] [PubMed: 11180415].

Bloomsmith, M. A., Laule, G. E., Alford, P. L., and Thurston, R. H. (1994) Using training to moderate chimpanzee aggression during feeding, Zoo Biology, 13: 557–66 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430130605].

Bloomsmith, M. A., Stone, A. M., and Laule, G. E. (1998) Positive reinforcement training to enhance the voluntary movement of group-housed chimpanzees within their enclosures, Zoo Biology, 17: 333–41 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:4<333::AID-ZOO6>3.0.CO;2-A].

Bloomsmith, M. A., Jones, M. L., Snyder, R. J., Singer, R. A., Gardner, W. A., Liu, S. C., and Maple, T. L. (2003) Positive reinforcement training to elicit voluntary movement of two giant pandas throughout their enclosure, Zoo Biology, 22: 323–34 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10103].

Bloomsmith, M. A., Marr, M. J., and Maple, T. L. (2007) Addressing non-human primate behavioral problems through the application of operant conditioning: is the human treatment approach a useful model?, Applied Animal Behaviour Science: Conservation, Enrichment and Animal Behaviour, 102: 205–22.

Bloxam, Q. M. C. and Tonge, S. J. (1995) Amphibians: suitable candidates for breeding-release programmes, Biodiversity and Conservation, 4: 636–44 [DOI: 10.1007/BF00222519].

Blunt, W. (1976) The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century, London: Hamish Hamilton.

Boakes, E. H., Wang, J., and Amos, W. (2006) An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations, Heredity, 98: 172–82 [DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800923] [PubMed: 17180167].

Boehm, T. and Zufall, F. (2006) MHC peptides and the sensory evaluation of genotype, Trends in Neurosciences, 29: 100–7 [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.11.006] [PubMed: 16337283].

Boinski, S. (1987) Mating patterns in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi), Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 21: 13–21 [DOI: 10.1007/BF00324430].

Boinski, S., Gross, T. S., and Davis, J. K. (1999) Terrestrial predator alarm vocalizations are a valid monitor of stress in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella), Zoo Biology, 18: 295–312 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:4<295::AID-ZOO4>3.0.CO;2-5].

Boivin, X., Garel, J. P., Mante, A., and Le Neindre, P. (1998) Beef calves react differently to different handlers according to the test situation and their previous interactions with their caretaker, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 55: 245–57 [DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00050-6].

Boivin, X., Lensink, J., Tallet, C., and Veissier, I. (2003) Stockmanship and farm animal welfare, Animal Welfare, 12: 479–92.

Bolin, C. A. (2003) Leptospirosis in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 699–702.

Bond, J. C. and Lindburg, D. G. (1990) Carcass feeding of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus): the effects of a naturalistic breeding program on oral health and psychological well-being, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 26: 373–82 [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(90)90036-D].

Boness, D. (1996) Water quality management in aquatic mammal exhibits in D. Kleiman, M. Allen, K. Thompson, and S. Lumpkin (eds), Wild Mammals in Captivity, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 231–42.

Boogaard, B. K., Oosting, S. J., and Bock, B. B. (2006) Elements of societal perception of farm animal welfare: a quantitative study in the Netherlands, Livestock Science, 104: 13–22 [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.010].

Boorer, M. (1972) Some aspects of stereotyped patterns of movement exhibited by zoo animals, International Zoo Yearbook, 12: 164–8 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1972.tb02312.x].

Bostock, S. St. C. (1993) Zoos and Animal Rights, London: Routledge.

Bowden, C. and Masters, J. (2003) Textbook of Veterinary Medical Nursing, New York, NY/Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Bowers, B. B. and Burghardt, G. M. (1992) The scientist and the snake: relationships with reptiles in H. Davis and D. Balfour (eds), The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist–Animal Interactions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 250–63.

Box, H. (1991) Training for life after release: simian primates as examples, Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 62: 111–23.

Braswell, L. D. (1991) Exotic animal dentistry, Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 13: 1229–33.

Bremner-Harrison, S., Prodohl, P. A., and Elwood, R. (2004) Behavioural trait assessment as a release criterion: boldness predicts early death in a reintroduction programme of captive-bred swift fox (Vulpes velox), Animal Conservation, 7: 313–20 [DOI: 10.1017/S1367943004001490].

Brent, L. and Stone, A. M. (1996) Long-term use of televisions, balls, and mirrors as enrichment for paired and singly caged chimpanzees, American Journal of Primatology, 39: 139–45 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:2<139::AID-AJP5>3.3.CO;2-N].

Brent, L., Kessel, A. L., and Barrera, H. (1997) Evaluation of introduction procedures in captive chimpanzees, Zoo Biology, 16: 335–42 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:4<335::AID-ZOO5>3.3.CO;2-4].

Britt, A. (1998) Encouraging natural feeding behaviour in captive bred black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata v.), Zoo Biology, 17: 379–92 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:5<379::AID-ZOO3>3.3.CO;2-O].

Broad, G. (1996) Visitor profile and evaluation of informal education at Jersey Zoo, Dodo: Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 32: 166–92.

Brodey, P. (1981) The LINKS-ZOO: a recreational/educational facility for the future, International Zoo Yearbook, 21: 63–8 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1981.tb01946.x].

Broom, D. M. (1998) Stereotypies in animals in M. Bekoff and C. A. Meaney (eds), Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, p. 256.

Broom, D. M. (2005) The effects of land transport on animal welfare, Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizooties, 24: 683–91.

Broom, D. M. and Johnson, K. G. (1993) Stress and Animal Welfare, London: Chapman & Hall.

Brooman, S. and Legge, D. (1997) Law Relating to Animals, London: Cavendish Publishing.

Brown, C. and Loskutoff, N. (1998) A training program for non-invasive semen collection in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), Zoo Biology, 17: 143–51 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:2<143::AID-ZOO9>3.0.CO;2-9].

Brown, J. L. (2000) Reproductive endocrine monitoring of elephants: an essential tool for assisting captive management, Zoo Biology, 19: 347–69 [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<347::AID-ZOO6>3.0.CO;2-V].

Brown, J. L. and Wemmer, C. M. (1995) Urinary cortisol analysis for monitoring adrenal activity in elephants, Zoo Biology, 14: 533–42 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430140606].

Brown, J. L., Olson, D., Keele, M., and Freeman, E. W. (2004) Survey of the reproductive cyclicity status of Asian and African elephants in North America, Zoo Biology, 23: 309–21 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20006].

Bubier, N. (1996) The behavioural priorities of laying hens: the effects of two methods of environmental enrichment on time budgets, Behavioural Processes, 374: 239–49 [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(96)00018-6].

Buchanan-Smith, H. M., Anderson, D. A., and Ryan, C. W. (1993) Responses of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) to faecal scents of predators and non-predators, Animal Welfare, 2: 17–32.

Buckanoff, H., Frederick, C., and Weston Murphy, H. (2006) Hand-rearing a potto Perodicticus potto at Franklin Park Zoo, Boston, International Zoo Yearbook, 40: 302–12 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00302.x].

Burghardt, G. M. (1995) Brain imaging, ethology and the non-human mind, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18: 339–40.

Burghardt, G. M., Ward, B., and Rosscoe, R. (1996) Problem of reptile play: environmental enrichment and play behavior in a captive Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, Zoo Biology, 15: 223–38 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:3<223::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-D].

Burke, T. and Bruford, M. W. (1987) DNA fingerprinting in birds, Nature, 327: 149–52 [DOI: 10.1038/327149a0] [PubMed: 3574475].

Burkhardt, R. W. (2001) A man and his menagerie: management of nineteenth-century zoological park by Frédéric Cuvier, Natural History, 110: 62–9.

Burley, N. (1985) Leg-band color and mortality patterns in captive breeding populations of zebra finches, The Auk, 102: 647–51.

Bush, M. (1993) Anaesthesia of high-risk animals: giraffe in M. E. Fowler (ed.), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (3rd edn), Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.

Bush, M. (2003) Giraffidae in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier).

Bush, M., Montali, R. J., Brownstein, D., James, A. E., and Appel, M. J. G. (1976) Vaccine-induced canine distemper in a lesser panda, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 169: 959–60 [PubMed: 988010].

Byford, R. L., Craig, M. E., and Crosby, B. L. (1992) A review of ectoparasites and their effect on cattle production, Journal of Animal Science, 70: 597–602 [PubMed: 1347767].

Back to top

Caine, J. and Melfi, V. (2005) A long term study of Trichuris trichiura in zoo-housed colobus in A. Nicklin (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, 7–8 July, Twycross Zoo, London: BIAZA, pp. 56–66.

Caine, N. G. and O’Boyle, V. J. (1992) Cage design and forms of play in red-bellied tamarins, Saguinus labiatus, Zoo Biology, 11: 215–20 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430110310].

Calle, P. P. (2003) Rabies in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 732–6.

Canfield, P. J. and Cunningham, A. A. (1993) Disease and mortality in Australian marsupials held at London Zoo, 1872–1972, Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 24: 158–67.

Capitanio, J. P. (1999) Personality dimensions in adult male rhesus macaques: prediction of behaviors across time and situation, American Journal of Primatology, 47: 299–320 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)47:4<299::AID-AJP3>3.0.CO;2-P] [PubMed: 10206208].

Cardillo, M., Mace, G. M., Jones, K. E., Bielby, J., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Sechrest, W., Orme, C. D. L., and Purvis, A. (2005) Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species, Science, 309: 1239–41 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1116030] [PubMed: 16037416].

Carlson, N. (2007) Physiology of Behaviour, Boston: Pearson Education.

Carlstead, K. (1996) Effects of captivity on the behavior of wild mammals in D. G. Kleiman, M. E. Allen, K. V. Thompson, and S. Lumpkin (eds), Wild Mammals in Captivity, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 317–33.

Carlstead, K. (1998) Determining the causes of stereotypic behaviors in zoo carnivores: towards appropriate enrichment strategies in D. Shepherdson, J. Mellen, and M. Hutchins (eds), Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institute Press, pp. 172–83.

Carlstead, K. and Brown, J. L. (2005) Relationships between patterns of fecal corticoid excretion and behavior, reproduction, and environmental factors in captive black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros, Zoo Biology, 24: 215–32 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20050].

Carlstead, K. and Seidensticker, J. (1991) Seasonal variation in stereotypic pacing in an American black bear Ursus americanus, Behavioural Processes, 25: 155–61 [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(91)90017-T].

Carlstead, K. and Shepherdson, D. (1994) Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction, Zoo Biology, 13: 447–58 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430130507].

Carlstead, K., Brown, J. L., and Seidensticker, J. (1993) Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (Felis bengalensis), Zoo Biology, 12: 321–31 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430120403].

Carlstead, K., Mellen, J., and Kleiman, D. G. (1999a) Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in US zoos: I. individual behaviour profiles and their relationship to breeding success, Zoo Biology, 18: 17–34 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:1<17::AID-ZOO4>3.3.CO;2-B].

Carlstead, K., Fraser, J., Bennett, C., and Kleiman, D. G. (1999b) Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in US zoos: II. behavior, breeding success, and mortality in relation to housing facilities, Zoo Biology, 18: 35–52 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:1<35::AID-ZOO5>3.0.CO;2-L].

Carlstead, K., Seidensticker, J., and Baldwin, R. (1991) Environmental enrichment for zoo bears, Zoo Biology, 10: 3–16 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430100103].

Caro, T. M. (1993) Behavioral solutions to breeding cheetahs in captivity: insights from the wild, Zoo Biology, 12: 19–30 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430120105].

Castellote, M. and Fossa, F. (2006) Measuring acoustic activity as a method to evaluate welfare in captive beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), Aquatic Mammals, 32: 325–33 [DOI: 10.1578/AM.32.3.2006.325].

Cavalieri, P. and Singer, P. (eds). (1994) The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity, New York: St Martin’s Press Griffin.

Cavigelli, S. A., Yee, J. R., and McClintock, M. K. (2006) Infant temperament predicts life span in female rats that develop spontaneous tumors, Hormones and Behavior, 50: 454–62 [DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.001] [PubMed: 16836996].

Caws, C. and Aureli, F. (2003) Chimpanzees cope with temporary reduction of escape opportunities, International Journal of Primatology, 24: 1077–91 [DOI: 10.1023/A:1026280329544].

Ceballos, G., Erhlich, P. R., Soberón, J., Salazar, I., and Fay, J. P. (2005) Global mammal conservation: what must we manage?, Science, 309: 603–7 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1114015].

Cerit, H. and Avanus, K. (2007) Sex identification in avian species using DNA typing methods, World’s Poultry Science Journal, 63: 91–99.

Chalmers, K. (2006) Zoo Keeper Information: Auckland Zoo and its Role in Conservation and Captive Breeding Programmes, Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland Zoo.

Chamove, A. (1988) Assessing the welfare of captive primates: a critique in Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), Symposium of Laboratory Animal Welfare Research: Primates,. Potters Bar: UFAW, pp. 39–49.

Chamove, A. (1989) Environmental enrichment: a review, Animal Technology, 40: 155–78.

Chamove, A. and Moodie, E. (1990) Are alarming events good for captive monkeys?, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 276: 169–76 [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(90)90016-7].

Chamove, A. and Rohrhuber, B. (1989) Moving callitrichid monkeys from cages to outside areas, Zoo Biology, 8: 151–63 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430080206].

Chamove, A., Anderson, J., Morgan-Jones, S., and Jones, S. (1982) Deep woodchip litter: hygiene, feeding, and behavioural enhancement in eight primate species, International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 3: 308–18.

Chamove, A. S., Hosey, G. R., and Schaetzel, P. (1988) Visitors excite primates in zoos, Zoo Biology, 7: 359–69 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430070407].

Chandroo, K. P., Duncan, I. J. H., and Moccia, R. D. (2004) Can fish suffer? Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 86: 225–50.

Chang, T. R., Forthman, D. L., and Maple, T. L. (1999) Comparison of confined mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) behaviour in traditional and “ecologically representative” exhibits, Zoo Biology, 18: 163–76 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:3<163::AID-ZOO1>3.0.CO;2-T].

Chastain, B. (2005) The defining moment in Innovation or replication, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Zoo Design, Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, Paignton, UK.

Cheek, N. J. (1976) Sociological perspectives on the Zoological Park Market in N. H. Check, D. R. Field and R. J. Burge (eds), Leisure and Recreation Places, Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science.

Cherfas, J. (1984) Zoo 2000: A Look Beyond the Bars, London: BBC Books.

Cirulli, F., Berry, A., and Alleva, E. (2003) Early disruption of the mother–infant relationship: effects on brain plasticity and implications for psychopathology, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27: 73–82 [DOI: 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00010-1] [PubMed: 12732224].

Clarke, F. and King, A. (2008) A critical review of zoo-based olfactory enrichment in J. Hurst, R. Beynon, S. Roberts, and T. Wyatt (eds), Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11, New York, NY: Springer Verlag, pp. 391–8.

Clauss, M. and Dierenfeld, E. S. (2007) The nutrition of “browsers”, in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy (6th edn), St Louis, MO: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 444–54.

Clauss, M. and Hatt, J.-M. (2006) The feeding of rhinoceros in captivity, International Zoo Yearbook, 40: 197–209 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00197.x].

Clauss, M., Kienzle, E., and Wiesner, H. (2003) Feeding browse to large zoo herbivores: how much is “a lot”, how much is “sufficient”?, in A. Fidgett, M. Clauss, U. Ganslosser, J. M. Hatt, and J. Niijboer (eds), Zoo Animal Nutrition: Vol. II, Fürth: Filander Verlag, pp. 17–25.

Clauss, M., Polster, C., Kienzle, E., Weisner, H., Baumgartner, K., Von Houwald, F., Streich, W. J., and Dierenfeld, E. (2005) Energy and mineral nutrition and water intake in the captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Zoo Biology, 24: 1–14 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20032].

Clubb, R. and Mason, G. (2002) A Review of the Welfare of Zoo Elephants in Europe: A Report Commissioned by the RSPCA, Oxford: The Animal Behaviour Research Group, University of Oxford.

Clubb, R. and Mason, G. (2003) Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores, Nature, 425: 473–4 [DOI: 10.1038/425473a] [PubMed: 14523435].

Clubb, R. and Mason, G. (2004) Pacing polar bears and stoical sheep: testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses about animal welfare, Animal Welfare, 13: 533–40.

Clubb, R. and Mason, G. (2007) Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102: 303–28 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.033].

Clubb, R. and Vickery, S. (2006) Laboratory stereotypies in carnivores: does pacing stem from hunting, ranging or frustrated escape? in G. J. Mason (ed.), Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare, Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing, pp. 58–84.

Cocks, L. (2007) Factors influencing the well-being and longevity of captive female orang-utans, International Journal of Primatology, 28: 429–40 [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9117-9].

Coe, J. (1985) Design and perception: making the zoo experience real, Zoo Biology, 4: 197–208 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430040211].

Coe, J. (1987) What’s the message? Exhibit design for education in American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, Regional Conference Proceedings, Wheeling, WV: AAZPA, pp. 19–23.

Coe, J. (1989) Naturalizing habitats for captive primates, Zoo Biology, 8: 117–25 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430080512].

Coe, J. (1994) Landscape immersion: origins and concepts in J. C. Coe (mod.), Landscape Immersion Exhibits: How are They Proving as Education Settings? American Zoo and Aquarium Association Convention Proceedings, Bethesda, MD: AZA, pp. 1–7, available online at.

Coe, J. (1996) What’s the message? Education through exhibit design in D. Kleiman, M. Allen, K. Thompson, and S. Lumpkin (eds), Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, pp. 167–74.

Coe, J. (1997) Entertaining zoo visitors and zoo animals: an integrated approach in Proceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual Conference, Bethesda, MD: AZA, pp. 156–62.

Coe, J. (1999) An integrated approach to design: how zoo staff can get the best results from new facilities, First Annual Rhino Keeper Workshop, 7–8 May, Disney’s Wild Animal Kingdom, Orlando, FL.

Coe, J. (2006) Naturalistic enrichment in Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Conference Proceedings, Perth Zoo, ARAZPA, pp. 1–9, available online at.

Colahan, H. and Breder, C. (2003) Primate training at Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6: 235–46 [DOI: 10.1207/S15327604JAWS0603_08] [PubMed: 14612271].

Cole, C. and Townsend, C. (1977) Parthenogenetic reptiles: new subjects for laboratory research, Experientia, 33: 285–9 [DOI: 10.1007/BF02002783] [PubMed: 858345].

Colman, R. J., McKiernan, S. H., Aiken, J. M., and Weindruch, R. (2005) Muscle mass loss in Rhesus monkeys: age of onset, Experimental Gerontology, 40: 573–81 [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.05.001] [PubMed: 15985353].

Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). (2004) ‘Transponders’, CBSG News, 15(1): 20.

Conte, E. S. (2004) Stress and the welfare of cultured fish, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 86: 205–23.

Conway, W. (1986a) The consumption of wildlife by man, Animal Kingdom, 7: 18–23.

Conway, W. (1986b) The practical difficulties and financial implications of endangered species breeding programmes, International Zoo Yearbook, 24/25: 210–19 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1985.tb02541.x].

Conway, W. (2003) The role of zoos in the 21st century, International Zoo Yearbook, 38: 7–13 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2003.tb02059.x].

Conway, W. (2007) Entering the 21st century in A. Zimmerman, M. Hatchwell, L. Dickie, and C. West (eds), Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?, Conservation Biology Series No. 15, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 12–21.

Cook, S. and Hosey, G. R. (1995) Interaction sequences between chimpanzees and human visitors at the zoo, Zoo Biology, 14: 431–40 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430140505].

Cooper, J. E. and Cooper, M. E. (2007) Importance and application of animal law in J. E. Cooper and M. E. Cooper (eds), Introduction to Veterinary and Comparative Forensic Medicine, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 42–60.

Cooper, M. E. (2003) Zoo legislation, International Zoo Yearbook, 38: 81–93 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2003.tb02067.x].

Cooper, K. A., Harder, J. D., Clawson, D. H., Fredrick, D. L., Lodge, G. A., Peachey, H. C., Spellmire, T. J., and Winstel, D. P. (1990) Serum testosterone and musth in captive male African and Asian elephants, Zoo Biology 9: 297–306 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430090405].

Cooper, M. E. and Rosser, A. M. (2002) International regulation of wildlife trade: relevant legislation and organisations, Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizooties, 21: 103–23.

Cooper, M. R. and Johnson, A. W. (1998) Poisonous Plants and Fungi in Britain—Animal and Human Poisoning, London: HMSO.

Cooper, V. J. and Hosey, G. R. (2003) Sexual dichromatism and female preference in Eulemur fulvous subspecies, International Journal of Primatology, 24: 1177–88 [DOI: 10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005986.21477.ad].

Coote, T. and Loeve, E. (2003) From 61 species to five: endemic tree snails of the Society Islands fall prey to an ill-judged biological control programme, Oryx, 37: 91–6 [DOI: 10.1017/S0030605303000176].

Coote, T., Clarke, D., Hickman, C. S., Murray, J., and Pearce-Kelly, P. (2004) Experimental release of endemic Partula species, extinct in the wild, into a protected area of natural habitat on Moorea, Pacific Science, 58: 429–34 [DOI: 10.1353/psc.2004.0028].

Cork, S. C. (2000) Iron storage disease in birds, Avian Pathology, 29: 7–12 [DOI: 10.1080/03079450094216].

Cornetto, T. and Estevez, I. (2001) Behavior of the domestic fowl in the presence of vertical panels, Poultry Science, 80: 1455–62 [PubMed: 11599705].

Corson-White, E. P. (1932) Diet in Relation to Degenerative Bone Lesions and Fertility, Report of the Laboratory and Museum of Comparative Pathology, Zoological Society of Philadelphia. pp. 26–8.

Coulton, L. E., Waran, N. K., and Young, R. J. (1997) Effects of foraging enrichment on the behaviour of parrots, Animal Welfare, 6: 357–63.

Cousins, D. (2006) Review of the use of herb gardens and medicinal plants in primate exhibits in zoos, International Zoo Yearbook, 40: 341–50 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00341.x].

Coviello-McLaughlin, G. M. and Starr, S. J. (1997) Rodent enrichment devices: evaluation of preference and efficacy, Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 36: 66–8 [PubMed: 16450980].

Cowie, A. (1948) Pregnancy Diagnosis: A Review, Reading: The Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.

Crandall, K. A., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Mace, G. M., and Wayne, R. K. (2000) Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15: 290–5 [DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01876-0] [PubMed: 10856956].

Cranfield, M. R., Graczyk, T. K., and McCuthchan, T. F. (2000) ELISA antibody test, PCR and a DNA vaccine for use with avian malaria in African penguins in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 17–21 September, New Orleans, LA, AAZV, p. 39.

Crawshaw, G. (2003) Anurans (Anura, Salienta): frogs, Toads in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier).

Creel, S., Creel, N. M., Mills, M. G. L., and Monfort, S. L. (1997) Rank and reproduction in cooperatively breeding African wild dogs: behavioral and endocrine correlates, Behavioral Ecology, 8: 298–306 [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/8.3.298].

Cresswell, W., Lind, J., Quinn, L., Minderman, J., and Whitfield, D. P. (2007) Ringing or colour-banding does not increase predation mortality in redshanks Tringa totanus, Journal of Avian Biology, 38: 309–16 [DOI: 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.03925.x].

Crissey, S. (2005) The complexity of formulating diets for zoo animals: a matrix, International Zoo Yearbook, 39: 36–43.

Critser, J. K., Riley, L. K., and Prather, R. S. (2003) Application of nuclear transfer technology to wildlife species in W. Holt, A. Pickard, J. Rodger, and D. Wildt Reproductive Science and Integrated Conservation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–208.

Crockett, C. and Bowden, D. (1994) Challenging conventional wisdom for housing monkeys, Laboratory Animal, 24: 29–33.

Crockett, C., Bowers, C., Sackett, G., and Bowden, D. (1993a) Urinary cortisol responses of longtailed macaques to five cage sizes, tethering, sedation and room change, American Journal of Primatology, 30: 55–73 [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350300105].

Crockett, C., Bowers, C., Shimoji, M., Leu, M., Bellanca, R., and Bowden, D. (1993b) Appetite and urinary cortisol responses to different cage sizes in female pigtailed macaques, American Journal of Primatology, 31: 305 (abstract).

Cronin, M. A. (1993) Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife taxonomy and conservation biology: cautionary notes, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 21: 339–48.

Csuti, B., Sargent, E. L., and Bechert, U. S. (eds). (2001) The Elephant’s Foot: Prevention and Care of Foot Conditions in Captive Asian and African Elephants, Ames, IA Verlag, Iowa State University.

Cueto, G. R., Allekotte, R., and Kravetz, F. O. (2000) Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentina, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 36: 97–101 [PubMed: 10682750].

Culik, B., Wilson, R., and Bannasch, R. (1993) Flipper-bands on penguins: what is the cost of a lifelong commitment?, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 98: 209–14 [DOI: 10.3354/meps098209].

Cunningham, A. A., Frank, M. J., Croft, P., Clarke, D., and Pearce-Kelly, P. (1997) Mortality of captive British wartbiter crickets: implications for reintroduction programs, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 33: 673–6 [PubMed: 9249724].

Back to top

Dalgetty, G. (2007) Zoo bill receives all-party support, Toronto Observer, 15 March [PubMed: 17373423], available online at.

Dalley, S. (1993) Ancient Mesopotamian gardens and the identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon resolved, Garden History, 21: 1–13 [DOI: 10.2307/1587050].

Dalton, R. and Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2005) A mixed-species exhibit for Goeldi’s monkeys and pygmy marmosets Callimico goeldii and Callithrix pygmaea at Edinburgh Zoo, International Zoo Yearbook, 39: 176–84.

Dantzer, R. (1994) Animal welfare methodology and criteria, Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizooties, 13: 277–302.

D’août, K., Aerts, P., Clercq, D. D., Schoonaert, K., Vereecke, E., and Elsacker, L. V. (2001) Studying bonobo (Pan paniscus) locomotion using an integrated setup in a zoo environment: preliminary results, Primatologie, 4: 191–206.

Da Silva, M. A. M. and da Silva, J. M. C. (2007) A note on the relationships between visitor interest and characteristics of the mammal exhibits in Recife Zoo, Brazil, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 105: 223–6 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.06.007].

Davey, G. (2006a) Visitor behavior in zoos: a review, Anthrozoös, 19: 143–57.

Davey, G. (2006b) Relationship between exhibit naturalism, animal visibility and visitor interest in a Chinese zoo, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96: 93–102 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.018].

Davey, G. (2007) An analysis of country, socio-economic and time factors on worldwide zoo attendance during a 40-year period, International Zoo Yearbook, 41: 217–25 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00007.x].

Davey, G., Henzi, P., and Higgins, L. (2005) The influence of environmental enrichment on Chinese visitor behaviour, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 8: 131–40 [DOI: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0802_5] [PubMed: 16277596].

Davies, N. B. (1992) Dunnock Behaviour and Social Evolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Davis, H. (2002) Prediction and preparation: Pavlovian implications of research animals discriminating among humans, ILAR Journal, 43: 19–26 [PubMed: 11752727].

Davis, N., Schaffner, C. M., and Smith, T. E. (2005) Evidence that zoo visitors influence HPA activity in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris), Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 90: 131–41 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.020].

Davis, T. and Ovaska, K. (2001) Individual recognition of amphibians: effects of toe clipping and fluorescent tagging on the salamander Plethodon vehiculum, Journal of Herpetology, 35: 217–25 [DOI: 10.2307/1566111].

Dawkins, M. S. (1983) Battery hens name their price: consumer demand theory and the measurement of ethological “needs”, Animal Behaviour, 31: 1195–205 [DOI: 10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80026-8].

Dawkins, M. S. (1988) Behavioural deprivation: a central problem in animal welfare, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 20: 209–25 [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(88)90047-0].

Dawkins, M. S. (1997) D. G. M. Wood-Gush Memorial lecture: Why has there not been more progress in animal welfare research?’,. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53: 59–73.

Dawkins, M. S. (2003) Behaviour as a tool in the assessment of animal welfare, Zoology, 106: 383–7 [DOI: 10.1078/0944-2006-00122] [PubMed: 16351922].

Dawkins, M. S. (2006) Through animal eyes: what behaviour tells us, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 100: 4–10 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.010].

Dayan, A. (1971) Comparative neuropathology of aging: studies of the brain of 47 species of vertebrates, Brain 94: 31–42 [DOI: 10.1093/brain/94.1.31] [PubMed: 4324032].

Dayrell, E. and Pullen, K. (2003) Post-occupancy evaluation of a red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus) enclosure in T. Gilbert (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, 7–8 July, Maxwell Park, Winchester, pp. 226–30.

Deagle, B. and Tollit, D. (2007) Quantitative analysis of prey DNA in pinniped faeces: potential to estimate diet composition?, Conservation Genetics, 8: 743–7 [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9197-7].

Deardorff, T. L. and Throm, R. (1988) Commercial blast-freezing of third-stage Anisakis simplex larvae encapsulated in salmon and rockfish, Journal of Parasitology, 74: 600–3 [DOI: 10.2307/3282175] [PubMed: 3397820].

De Azevedo, C. S. and Young, R. J. (2006a) Behavioural responses of captive-born greater rheas Rhea americana Linnaeus (Rheiformes: Rheidae) submitted to antipredator training, Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23: 186–93 [DOI: 10.1590/S0101-81752006000100011].

De Azevedo, C. S. and Young, R. J. (2006b) Do captive-born greater rheas Rhea americana Linnaeus (Rheiformes: Rheidae) remember antipredator training?, Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23: 194–201 [DOI: 10.1590/S0101-81752006000100011].

DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2002) Zoo Inspectors’ Training Seminar, 5–7 April, Bath University, available online at.

DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2003) Zoo Licensing Act 1981, Circular 02/2003, available online at.

DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2004) Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo Practice (rev’ d edn), available online at.

DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2007a) Animal Welfare: Protecting Domestic or Captive Animals from Cruelty, available online at.

DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2007b) Zoos Forum Handbook, available online at.

DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2008) Animal Welfare Act 2006, available online at.

DfES (Department for Education and Skills). (2006) Learning Outside the Classroom Manifesto, Nottingham: DfES.

Dembiec, D., Snider, R., and Zanella, A. (2004) The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behaviour, Zoo Biology, 23: 335–46 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20012].

Dempsey, J. L. (2004) Fruit bats: nutrition and dietary husbandry, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook, Fact Sheet 14, available online at.

De Passillé, A. M., Rushen, J., Ladewig, J., and Petherick, C. (1996) Dairy calves’ discrimination of people based on previous handling, Journal of Animal Science, 74: 969–74.

De Rouck, M., Kitchener, A. C., Law, G., and Nelissen, M. (2005) A comparative study of the influence of social housing conditions on the behaviour of captive tigers (Panthera tigris), Animal Welfare, 14: 229–38.

Desmond, T. and Laule, G. (1994) Use of positive reinforcement training in the management of species for reproduction, Zoo Biology, 13: 471–7 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430130509].

De Vos, V. (2003) Anthrax in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 696–9.

De Waal, F. B. M. (1982) Chimpanzee Politics, London: Jonathan Cape.

De Waal, F. B. M. (1989) The myth of a simple relation between space and aggression in captive primates, Zoo Biology (Supplement), 1: 141–8.

Dewsbury, D. A. (1992) Studies on rodent–human interactions in animal psychology in H. Davis and D. Balfour (eds), The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist–Animal Interactions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–43.

Diamond, M. C. (2001) Response of the brain to enrichment, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 73: 211–20 [PubMed: 11404783].

Dickie, L. A., Bonner, J. P., and West, C. (2007) In situ and ex situ conservation: blurring the boundaries between zoos and the wild in A. Zimmerman, M. Hatchwell, L. A. Dickie, and C. West (eds), Zoos in the 21st Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 220–35.

Dickinson, H. C. and Fa, J. E. (1997) Ultraviolet light and heat source selection in captive spiny-tailed iguanas (Oplurus cuvieri), Zoo Biology, 16: 391–401 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:5<391::AID-ZOO2>3.3.CO;2-G].

Dierenfeld, E. S. (1997a) Captive wild animal nutrition: a historical perspective, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 56: 989–99 [DOI: 10.1079/PNS19970104].

Dierenfeld, E. S. (1997b) Orang-utan nutrition in C. Sodaro (ed.), Orang-utan SSP Husbandry Manual, Brookfield, IL: Orang-utan SSP and Brookfield Zoo.

Dierenfeld, E. S. (2005) Advancing zoo animal nutrition through global synergy, International Zoo Yearbook, 39: 29–35.

Dierenfeld, E. S., Atkinson, S., Craig, A. M., Walker, K. C., Streich, W. J., and Clauss, M. (2005) Mineral concentrations in serum/plasma and liver tissue of captive and free-ranging Rhinoceros species, Zoo Biology, 24: 51–72 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20043].

Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J., van Oers, K., and van Noordwijk, A. J. (2002) Repeatability and heritability of exploratory behaviour in great tits from the wild, Animal Behaviour, 64: 929–38 [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2002.2006].

Disney, W., Green, J., Forsythe, K., Wiemers, J., and Weber, S. (2001) Benefit–cost analysis of animal identification for disease prevention and control, Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizooties, 20: 385–405.

Dobbs, T. and Fry, A. (2008) The development and progression of the primate enrichment timetables at Paignton Zoo in V. Hare (ed.), The eighth Conference on Environmental Enrichment, Vienna; The Shape of Enrichment, Inc. (in press). Doerfler, R. L. and Peters, K. J. (2006) ‘The relativity of ethical issues in animal agriculture related to different cultures and production conditions’, Livestock Science, 103: 257–62.

Dol, M., Fentener van Vlissingen, M., Kasanmoentalib, S., Visser, T., and Zwart, H. (eds). (1999) Recognizing the Intrinsic Value of Animals Beyond Animal Welfare, Assen, the Netherlands: van Gorcum.

Dolins, F. L. (1999) Attitudes to Animals: Views in Animal Welfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dollinger, P. (2007) “Balai” Directive of the European Union: difficult veterinary legislation in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (6th edn), St Louis, MO: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 68–74.

Donahue, J. and Trump, E. (2006) The Politics of Zoos: Exotic Animals and their Protectors, DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University.

Doncaster, C. P., Dickman, C. R., and MacDonald, D. W. (1990) Feeding ecology of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the City of Oxford, England, Journal of Mammalogy, 71: 188–94 [DOI: 10.2307/1382166].

Donoghue, A. M., Blanco, J. M., Gee, G. F., Kirby, Y. K., and Wildt, D. E. (2003) Reproductive technologies and challenges in avian conservation and management in: W. Holt, A. Pickard, J. Rodger, and D. Wildt Reproductive Science and Integrated Conservation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 321–37.

Donohue, K. C. and Dufty, A. M. (2006) Sex determination of red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis calurus) using DNA analysis and morphometrics, Journal of Field Ornithology, 77: 74–9 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00003.x].

Dooley, M. and Pineda, M. (2003) Patterns of reproduction in M. H. Pineda and M. P. Dooley (eds), McDonald’s Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 377–94.

Douglas-Hamilton, I., Bhalla, S., Wittemyer, G., and Vollrath, F. (2006) Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 100: 87–102 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014].

Duckler, G. (1998) An unusal osteological formation in the posterior skulls of captive tigers (Panthera tigris), Zoo Biology, 17: 135–42 [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:2<135::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-A].

Dudink, S., Simonse, H., Marks, I., de Jonge, F. H., and Spruijt, B. M. (2006) Announcing the arrival of enrichment increases play behaviour and reduces weaning-stress-induced behaviours of piglets directly after weaning, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 101: 86–101 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.12.008].

Duncan, I. J. H. (1978) The interpretation of preference tests in animal behaviour, Applied Animal Ethology, 4: 197–200 [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3762(78)90086-X].

Duncan, I. J. H. (1993) Welfare is to do with what animals feel, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 6: 8–14.

Duncan, I. J. H. (2005) Science-based assessment of animal welfare: farm animals, Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des Epizooties, 24: 483–92.

Duncan, I. J. H. (2006) The changing concept of animal sentience, Applied Animal Behaviour Science Sentience in Animals, 100: 11–19 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.011].

Duncan, I. J. H. and Fraser, D. (1997) Understanding animal welfare in M. Appleby and B. Hughes (eds), Animal Welfare, Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing, pp. 19–31.

Duncan, M. (2003) Fungal diseases in all taxa in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 727–32.

Durnin, M., Palsbell, P. J., Ryder, O., and McCullough, D. (2007) A reliable genetic technique for sex determination of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from non-invasively collected hair samples, Conservation Genetics, 8: 715–20 [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9196-8].

Durrell, G. (1976) The Stationary Ark, London: Collins Press.

Back to top

Eaton, G. G., Kelley, S. T., Axthelm, M. K., Iliffsizemore, S. A., and Shiigi, S. M. (1994) Psychological well-being in paired adult female rhesus (Macaca mulatta), American Journal of Primatology, 33: 89–99 [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350330204].

EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria). (2003) From the EAZA Office: fifteen years E(C)AZA, EAZA Newsletter, 44: 5–8.

EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria). (2008) EAZA Education Standards, Amsterdam: EAZA.

EC (European Commission). (1999) Council Directive 1999/22/EC of 29 March (1999) relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos, Official Journal of the European Communities, L94/24 (09/04/1999).

EC (European Commission). (2006) The Convention on Biological Diversity: implementation in the European Union, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Edberg, S. (2004) The algae: marine mammal enrichment at Kolmarden Zoo, The Shape of Enrichment, 13: 1–3.

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2008) ‘Avian influenza’, available online at.

Egliston, K., McMahon, C., and Austin, M. (2007) Stress in pregnancy and infant HPA axis function: conceptual and methodological issues relating to the use of salivary cortisol as an outcome measure, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32: 1–32.

Eisenberg, J. and Kleiman, D. (1977) The usefulness of behaviour studies in developing captive breeding programmes for mammals, International Zoo Yearbook, 17: 81–8 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1977.tb00871.x].

Ellis, D. and Dein, F. (1996) Special techniques: part E flight restraint in D. Ellis, G. Gee, and C. Mirande, Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation, Washington DC/Baraboo, WI: US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service/International Crane Foundation, pp. 241–44.

Elson, H. (2007) An investigation into the short-term effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of psittacines in captivity. unpublished PhD thesis, Trinity College, University of Dublin.

Elson, H. and Marples, N. (2001) Effects of environmental enrichment on parrots in captivity in S. Wehnelt and C. Hudson (eds), Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, 9–10 July, Chester, BIAZA, pp. 1–8.

Embury, A. S. (1992) Gorilla rainforest at Melbourne Zoo, International Zoo Yearbook, 31: 203–13 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb02386.x].

Erickson, G. M., Lappin, A. K., and Vliet, K. A. (2003) Comparison of the bite-force performance between long-term captive and wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Journal of Zoology, 262: 21–8 [DOI: 10.1017/S0952836903004400].

Erman, A. (1971) Life in Ancient Egypt, Mineola, NY: Dover.

Erwin, J. (1979) Aggression in captive macaques: interactions of social and spatial factors in J. Erwin, T. Maple and G. Mitchell (eds), Captivity and Behaviour of Primates in Breeding Colonies, Laboratories and Zoos, New York, NY: Van Norstrand Reinhold, pp. 139–71.

Erwin, J. and Deni, R. (1979) Strangers in a strange land: abnormal behaviours or abnormal environments? in J. Erwin, T. L. Maple and G. Mitchell (eds), Captivity and Behaviour of Primates in Breeding Colonies, Laboratories and Zoos, New York, NY: Van Norstrand Reinhold, pp. 1–28.

Essler, W. and Folkjun, G. (1961) Determination of physiological rhythms of unrestrained animals by radio telemetry, Nature, 190: 90–1 [DOI: 10.1038/190090a0].

Estep, D. Q. and Baker, S. C. (1991) The effects of temporary cover on the behavior of socially housed stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides), Zoo Biology, 10: 465–72 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430100605].

Estep, D. Q. and Hetts, S. (1992) Interactions, relationships, and bonds: the conceptual basis for scientist–animal relations in H. Davis and D. Balfour (eds), The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist–Animal Interactions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6–26.

Ettah, U. (1997) The Impact of Food Preparation on Feeding in Celebes macaques at Jersey Zoo. unpublished diploma thesis, Trinity, Jersey: Durrell Wildlife Preservation Trust.

Eurogroup for Animal Welfare. (2006) Report on the Implementation of the EU Zoo Directive, available online at.

Evans, J. E., Cuthill, I. C., and Bennett, A. T. D. (2006) The effect of flicker from fluorescent lights on mate choice in captive birds, Animal Behaviour, 72: 393–400 [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.031].

Ewbank, R. (1985) Behavioral responses to stress in farm animals in G. Moberg (ed.), Animal Stress, Baltimore, Md: The Waverly Press, Inc., pp. 71–9.

Ewer, R. F. (1968) Ethology of Mammals, London: Elek Books.

Exner, C. and Unshelm, J. (1997) Climatic condition and airborne contaminants in buildings of wild cats kept in zoos, Zentralblatt für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, 199: 497–512.

Back to top

Fa, J. E. (1989) Influence of people on the behaviour of display primates in E. F. Segal (ed.), Housing, Care and Psychological Well-Being of Captive and Laboratory Primates, Park Ridge, IL: Noyes, pp. 270–90.

Fàbregas, M. and Guillén-Salazar, F. (2007) Social compatibility in a newly formed all-male group of white crowned mangabeys (Cercocebus atys lunulatus), Zoo Biology, 26: 63–9 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20117].

Fairbanks, L. A., Newman, T. K., Bailey, J. N., Jorgensen, M. J., Breidenthal, S. E., Ophoff, R. A., Comuzzie, A. G., Martin, L. J., and Rogers, J. (2004) Genetic contributions to social impulsivity and aggressiveness in vervet monkeys, Biological Psychiatry, 55: 642–7 [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.005].

Falk, J. H., Reinhard, E. M., Vernon, C. L., Bronnenkant, K., Heimlich, J. E., and Deans, N. L. (2007) Why Zoos and Aquariums Matter: Assessing the Impact of a Visit to a Zoo or Aquarium, Silver Springs, MD: AZA.

Farlin, M. and Baumans, V. (2003) Environmental enrichment for mice: a hammock in the cage, Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 30: 45–6.

Farm Animal Welfare Council. (1992) FAWC updates the five freedoms, Veterinary Record, 131: 357.

Farmer, H. and Melfi, V. (2008) Is it music to their ears? in V. Hare, The eighth Conference on Environmental Enrichment, Vienna; The Shape of Enrichment, Inc. (in press). Farrell, M. A., Barry, E., and Marples, N. (2000) ‘Breeding behavior in a flock of Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) at Dublin Zoo’, Zoo Biology, 19: 227–37.

Faust L. J., Earnhardt, J. E., and Thompson, S. D. (2006) Is reversing the decline of Asian elephants in captivity possible? An individual-based modeling approach, Zoo Biology, 25: 201–18 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20054].

Fekete, J. M., Norcross, J. L., and Newman, J. D. (2000) Artificial turf foraging boards as environmental enrichment for pair-housed female squirrel monkeys, Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 39: 22–6 [PubMed: 11487235].

Fenolio, D. B., Graening, G. O., Collier, B. A., and Stout, J. F. (2006) Coprophagy in a cave-adapted salamander: the importance of bat guano examined through nutritional and stable isotope analyses, Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 273: 439–43 [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3341].

Ferner, J. (1979) A review of marking techniques for amphibians and reptiles in Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 9, Shoreview, MN: SSAR.

Festa-Bianchet, M. and Apollonio, M. (2003) Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation, Washington DC: Island Press.

Fidgett, A. (2005) Standardizing nutrition information within husbandry guidelines: the essential ingredients, International Zoo Yearbook, 39: 132–8.

Fidgett, A. and Dierenfeld, E. S. (2007) Minerals and stork nutrition in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (6th edn), St Louis, MO: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 206–13.

Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Ganslosser, U., Hatt, J. M., and Niijboer, J. (eds). (2003) Zoo Animal Nutrition: Vol. II, Fürth: Filander Verlag.

Fidgett, A., Clauss, M., Eulenberger, K., Hatt, J.-M., Hume, I., Janssens, G., and Nijboer, J. (eds). (2006) Zoo Animal Nutrition: Vol. III, Fürth: Filander Verlag.

Fiedeldey, A. (1994) Wild animals in a wilderness setting: an ecosystemic experience?, Anthrozoös, 7: 113–23.

Filadelfi, A. and Castrucci, A. (1996) Comparative aspects of the pineal/melatonin system in poikilothermic vertebrates, Journal of Pineal Research, 20: 175–86 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.1996.tb00256.x] [PubMed: 8836950].

Finlay, T. W. and Maple, T. L. (1986) A survey of research in American zoos and aquariums, Zoo Biology, 5: 261–8 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430050304].

Finlay, T. W., James, L. R., and Maple, T. L. (1988) People’s perceptions of animals: the influence of zoo environment, Environment and Behavior, 20: 506–28 [DOI: 10.1177/0013916588204008].

Fish, K. D., Sauther, M. L., Loudon, J. E., and Couzzo, F. P. (2007) Coprophagy by wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in human-disturbed locations adjacent to the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, American Journal of Primatology, 69: 713–18 [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20392].

Fisher, J. and Hinde, R. A. (1949) The opening of milk bottles by birds, British Birds, 42: 347–57.

Fitch, H. and Fagan, D. A. (1982) Focal palatine erosion associated with dental malocclusion in captive cheetahs, Zoo Biology, 1: 295–310 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430010403].

Flach, E. (2003) Cervidae and Tragulidae in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 634–49.

Flach, E., Stevenson, M. F., Henderson, G. M. (1990) Aspergillosis in gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at Edinburgh Zoo, 1964–1988, Veterinary Record, 126: 81–5.

Flammer, K. (2003) Chlamydiosis in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 718–23.

Flecknell, P. and Molony, V. (2003) Pain and injury in M. C. Appleby and B. O. Hughes (eds), Animal Welfare, Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing, pp. 63–73.

Flecknell, P. and Waterman-Pearson, A. (2000) Pain Management in Animals, London: W. B. Saunders.

Fleetwood, A. J. and Furley, C. W. (1990) Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland, Veterinary Record, 126: 408–9.

Flesness, N. R. (2003) International Species Information System (ISIS): over 25 years of compiling global animal data to facilitate collection and population management, International Zoo Yearbook, 38: 53–61 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2003.tb02064.x].

Fletcher, W. J., Fielder, D. R., and Brown, I. W. (1989) Comparison of freeze- and heat-branding techniques to mark the coconut crab Birgus latro (Crustacea, Anomura), Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 127: 245–51 [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0981(89)90077-4].

Flew, A. (ed.). (1979) A Dictionary of Philosophy, London: Pan Books.

Fooks, A. R., Brookes, S. M., Johnson, N., McElhinney, L. M., and Hutson, A. M. (2003) European bat lyssaviruses: an emerging zoonosis, Epidemiology and Infection, 131: 1029–39 [DOI: 10.1017/S0950268803001481] [PubMed: 14959767].

Foose, T. J. (1980) Demographic management of endangered species in captivity, International Zoo Yearbook, 20: 154–66 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1980.tb00959.x].

Forthman, D. L., Elder, S. D., Bakeman, R., Kurkowski, T. W., Noble, C. C., and Winslow, S. W. (1992) Effects of feeding enrichment on behavior of three species of captive bears, Zoo Biology, 11: 187–95 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430110307].

Forthman-Quick, D. L. (1984) An integrative approach to environmental engineering in zoos, Zoo Biology, 312: 65–77 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430030107].

Fowler, M. E. and Miller, R. E. (eds). (1993) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (3rd edn), Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.

Fowler, M. E. and Miller, R. E. (eds). (1999) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (4th edn), Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.

Fowler, M. E. and Miller, R. E. (eds). (2003) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), St Louis, MO: Saunders (Elsevier).

Fowler, M. E. and Miller, R. E. (eds). (2007) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (6th edn), St Louis, MO: Saunders (Elsevier).

Frankham, R., Hemmer, H., Ryder, O., Cothran, E., Soulé, M., Murray, N., and Synder, M. (1986) Selection of captive populations, Zoo Biology, 5: 127–38 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430050207].

Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D., and Briscoe, D. A. (2002) Introduction to Conservation Genetics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D., and Briscoe, D. A. (2004) A Primer of Conservation Genetics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fraser, A. F. and Broom, D. M. (1990) Farm Animal Behaviour and Animal Welfare (3rd edn), London: Baillière Tindall.

Fraser, D. (2008) Understanding Animal Welfare, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Fraser, D. and Matthews, L. R. (1997) Preference and motivation testing in M. Appleby and B. Hughes (eds), Animal Welfare, Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing, pp. 159–72.

Fraser, D. J. and Bernatchez, L. (2001) Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units, Molecular Ecology, 10: 2741–52 [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.t01-1-01411.x] [PubMed: 11903888].

Fraser, D. J., Ritchie, J., and Fraser, A. (1975) The term “stress” in a veterinary context, British Veterinary Journal, 131: 653–62 [PubMed: 764947].

Frediani, K. (2008) The ethical use of plants in zoos: informing selection choices, uses and management strategies, International Zoo Yearbook (in press).

Freeland, W. J. (1991) Plant secondary metabolites: biochemical coevolution with herbivores in R. T. Palo and C. T. Robbins (eds), Plant Chemical Defenses Against Mammalian Herbivory, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 61–82.

Freeman, E., Wiess, E., and Brown, J. (2004) Examination of the interrelationships of behavior, dominance status, and ovarian activity in captive Asian and African elephants, Zoo Biology, 23: 431–48 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20025].

Frézard, A. and Le Pape, G. (2003) Contribution to the welfare of captive wolves (Canis lupus lupus): a behavioral comparison of six wolf packs, Zoo Biology, 22: 33–44 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10070].

Friend, T. H. and Parker, M. L. (1999) The effect of penning versus picketing on stereotypic behavior of circus elephants, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 64: 213–25 [DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00039-8].

Fry, A. and Dobbs, T. (2005) From junk to enrichment: uses for a camera film canister, The Shape of Enrichment, 14: 1–3.

Frye, F. L. (1992) Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry, Melbourne, FL: Krieger Publishing.

Back to top

Galis, F., Wagner, G., and Jackson, E. (2003) Why is limb regeneration possible in amphibians but not in reptiles, birds and mammals?, Evolution and Development, 5: 208–20 [DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03028.x].

Garcia, L. S. (1999) Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology, Washington, DC: ASM Press.

Garner, R. (2002) First “submarium” matches success of Eden Project, The Independent, 28 December.

Garner, J. P. and Mason, G. J. (2002) Evidence for a relationship between cage stereotypies and behavioural disinhibition in laboratory rodents, Behavioural Brain Research, 136: 83–92 [DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00111-0] [PubMed: 12385793].

Garner, J. P., Meehan, C. L., and Mench, J. A. (2003) Stereotypies in caged parrots, schizophrenia and autism: evidence for a common mechanism, Behavioural Brain Research, 145: 125–34 [DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00115-3] [PubMed: 14529811].

Garner, J. P., Meehan, C. L., Famula, T. R., and Mench, J. A. (2006) Genetic, environmental, and neighbor effects on the severity of stereotypies and feather picking in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica): an epidemiological study, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96: 153–68 [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.09.009].

Gartrell, B. D., Raidal, S. R., and Jones, S. M. (2003) Renal disease in captive swift parrots (Lathamus discolor): clinical findings and disease management, Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17: 213–23 [DOI: 10.1647/2002-001].

Gascon, C., Collins, J. P., Moore, R. D., Church, D. R., McKay, J. E., and Mendelson, J. R. (eds). (2007) Amphibian Conservation Action Plan, Gland/Cambridge: IUCN, The SSC Amphibian Specialist Group.

Gauthier-Clerc, M. and Le Maho, Y. (2001) Beyond bird marking with rings, Ardea (Special issue), 89: 221–30.

Geissmann, T. (2007) Status reassessment of the gibbons: results of the Asian Primate Red List Workshop 2006, Gibbon Journal, 3: 5–15.

Genty, E. and Roeder, J.-J. (2006) Self-control: why should sea lions, Zalophus californianus, perform better than primates?, Animal Behaviour, 72: 1241–7 [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.023].

Geraci, J. R. (1986) Nutrition and nutritional disorders in M. E. Fowler (ed.), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (2nd edn), Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, pp. 760–4.

Gerald, M., Weiss, A., and Ayala, J. (2006) Artifical colour treatment mediates aggression among unfamiliar vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): a model for introducing primates with colourful sexual skin, Animal Welfare, 15: 363–9.

Gerhmann, W., Ferguson, G., Odom, T., Roberts, D., and Barcelone, W. (1991) Early growth and bone mineralization on the iguanid lizard Sceloporus occidentalis in captivity: is vitamin D supplementation or ultraviolet B irradiation necessary?, Zoo Biology, 10: 409–16 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430100504].

Gesualdi, J. (2001) North America: licensing and accreditation in C. E. Bell (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World’s Zoos, Chicago, IL/London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pp. 883–5.

Gillespie, D., Frye, F. L., Stockham, S. L., and Fredeking, T. (2001) Blood values in wild and captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis), Zoo Biology, 19: 495–509 [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:6<495::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-1].

Gittleman, J. L. (1994) Are the pandas successful specialists or evolutionary failures?, BioScience, 44: 456–64.

Gittleman, J. L. and Thompson, S. D. (1988) Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction, American Zoologist, 28: 863–75.

Glander, K. E. (1994) Non-human primate self-medication with wild plant foods in N. Etkin (ed.), Eating on the Wild Side: The Pharmacologic, Ecologic and Social Implications of Using Noncultigens, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Publishing, pp. 227–39.

Glatston, A. R. (1998) The control of zoo populations with special reference to primates, Animal Welfare, 7: 269–81.

Glatston, A. R., Geilvoet-Soeteman, E., Hora-Pecek, E., and Van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1984) The influence of the zoo environment on social behaviour of groups of cotton-topped tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus, Zoo Biology, 3: 241–53.

Glatt, S. E., Francl, K. E., and Scheels, J. L. (2008) A survey of current dental problems and treatments of zoo animals, International Zoo Yearbook, 42: 206–13 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00032.x].

Goerke, B., Fleming, L., and Creel, M. (1987) Behavioral changes of a juvenile gorilla after a transfer to a more naturalistic environment, Zoo Biology, 6: 283–95 [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430060403].

Golani, I., Kafkafi, N., and Drai, D. (1999) Phenotyping stereotypic behaviour: collective variables, range of variation and predictability, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65: 191–220 [DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00085-4].

Golub, M. S., Keen, C. L., and Hendrickx, A. G. (1990) Food preference of young Rhesus monkeys fed marginally zinc deficient diets, Primate 32: 49–59 [DOI: 10.1007/BF02381600].

Gomendio, M., Cassinello, J., and Roldan, E. (2000) A comparative study of ejaculate traits in three endangered ungulates with different levels of inbreeding: fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of reproductive and genetic stress, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 267: 875–82 [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1084] [PubMed: 10853729].

Gomez, J-.(C) (2005) ‘Species comparative studies and cognitive development’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, (9) 118–25.

Goossens, E., Dorny, P., Boomker, J., Vercammen, F., and Vercruysse, J. (2005) A 12-month survey of the gastro-intestinal helminths of antelopes, gazelles and giraffids kept at two zoos in Belgium, Veterinary Parasitology, 127: 303–12 [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.013] [PubMed: 15710531].

Gore, M., Hutchins, M., and Ray, J. (2006) A review of injuries caused by elephants in captivity: an examination of predominant factors, International Zoo Yearbook, 40: 51–62 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00051.x].

Gosling, S. (2001) From mice to men: what can we learn about personality from animal research?, Psychological Bulletin, 127: 45–86 [DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45] [PubMed: 11271756].

Graczyk, T. K., Cranfield, M. R., Brossy, J. J., Cockrem, J. F., Jouventin, P., and Seddon, P. J. (1995) Detection of avian malaria infections in wild and captive penguins, Journal of the Helminth Society (Washington), 62: 135–41.

Graffam, W. S., Irlbeck, N. A., Grandin, T., Mallinckrodt, C., Cambre, R. C., and Phillips, M. (1995) Determination of vitamin E status and supplementation for Nyala (Tragelaphus angasi), available online at.

Graham, S. (1996) Issues of surplus animals in D. G. Kleiman, M. E. Allen, K. V. Thompson, and S. Lumpkin (eds), Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, pp. 290–6.

Grandin, T. (2000) Habituating antelope and bison to cooperate with veterinary procedures, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 3: 253–61 [DOI: 10.1207/S15327604JAWS0303_6].

Grech, K. S. (2004) Brief summary of the laws pertaining to zoos, Homepage of the Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law, available online at.

Greenwood, A. (2003) Pox disease in all taxa in M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (5th edn), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (Elsevier), pp. 737–41.

Gregory, N. (2004) Physiology and Behaviour of Animal Suffering, Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Griffin, A. S., Blumstein, D. T., and Evans, C. S. (2000) Training captive-bred or translocated animals to avoid predators, Conservation Biology, 14: 1317–26 [DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99326.x].

Griffin, A. S., Savani, R., Hausmanis, K., and Lefebvre, L. (2005) Mixed species aggregations in birds: Zenaida doves, Zenaida aurita, respond to the alarm calls of carib grackles, Quiscalus lugubris, Animal Behaviour, 70: 507–15 [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.11.023].

Griffin, D. R. (1992) Animal Minds, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Grigor, P. N., Hughes, B. O., and Appleby, M. C. (1995) Effects of regular handling and exposure to an outside area on subsequent fearfulness and dispersal in domestic hens, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 44: 47–55 [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00576-E].

Grindrod, J. A. E. and Cleaver, J. A. (2001) Environmental enrichment reduces the performance of stereotypic circling behaviour in captive common seals (Phoca vitulina), Animal Welfare, 10: 53–63.

Guilarte, T. R., Toscano, C. D., McGlothan, J. L., and Weaver, S. A. (2003) Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive and molecular deficits induced by developmental lead exposure, Annals of Neurology, 53: 50–6 [DOI: 10.1002/ana.10399] [PubMed: 12509847].

Gwynne, J. A. (2007) Inspiration for conservation: moving audiences to care in A. Zimmerman, M. Hatchwell, L. Dickie, and C. West (eds), Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?, Conservation Biology Series No. 15, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–62.

Back to top