Hale et al: Criminology 2e
Chapter 4
References from the book:
Founding Doctrines:
Key readings:
Beccaria, C. ([1764] 1963) On Crimes and Punishments. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Bentham, J. (1791) Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham. London: J. Bowring.
Clarke, R.V.G. and Cornish, D.B. (1986) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer Verlag.
Roshier, B. (1989) Controlling Crime: The Classical Perspective in Criminology, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Textbook reading/secondary review:
Lanier, M. and Henry, S., Chapter 4 (‘Classical, Neoclassical and Rational Choice Theories’) in Essential Criminology (1998). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Criminological Positivism:
Key readings:
Lombroso, C. (2006) Criminal Man. Trans. Gibson, M. and Rafter, N. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Ferri, E. (2003) ‘Causes of Criminal Behaviour’ in Muncie, J., McLaughlin, E., and Hughes, G. (eds) Criminological Perspectives: A Reader. London: Sage.
Beirne, P. (1993) Inventing Criminology: Essays on the Rise of ‘Homo Criminalis’. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. Chapter 6.
Gibson, M. (2002) Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology. Westport: Praeger.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Morrison, W., Chapter 6 (‘Criminological Positivism 1: The Search for the Criminal Man, or the Problem of the Duck’) in Theoretical Criminology: From Modernity to Postmodernism (1995) London: Cavendish.
Individual Perspectives:
Key readings:
Sheldon, W.H. (1942) The Varieties of Temperament. New York: Harper.
Ciba Foundation Symposium 194 (1996) Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour. Chichester: Wiley.
Jeffrey, C.R. (1994) ‘Biological and Neuropsychiatric Approaches to Criminal Behaviour’ in Barak, G. (ed.) Varieties of Criminology: Readings From a Dynamic Discipline. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Wilson, J.Q. and Herrnstein, R. (1985) Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Williams, K.S., Chapter 6 (‘Influences of Physical Factors and Genetics on Criminality’) in Criminology: A Textbook (2001) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Early Sociological Perspectives:
Key readings:
Durkheim, E., Chapter 3 (‘Rules for the distinction of the normal from the pathological’) in The Rules of Sociological Method ([1895] 1982). New York: Free Press.
Durkheim, E. (1970) Suicide: A Study of Sociology. New York: The Free Press.
Taylor, I., Walton, P., and Young, J., Chapter 3 (‘Durkheim and the break with analytical individualism’) in New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance (1973). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Downes, D. and Rock, P., Chapter 4 (‘Functionalism, deviance and control’) in Understanding Deviance (2003) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkinson, I., ‘Emile Durkheim’ in Hayward, K., Maruna, S., and Mooney, J. (eds) Fifty Key Criminological Thinkers (2009) London: Routledge.
Vold, G., Bernard, T., and Snipes J., Chapter 6 (‘Durkheim, anomie, and modernization’) in Theoretical Criminology (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Strain Theory:
Key readings:
Merton, R.K. (1938) ‘Social structure and anomie’ American Sociological Review 3: 672–82.
Cohen, A. (1955) Delinquent Boys: the Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press.
Cloward, R.A. and Ohlin, L., (1960) Delinquency and Opportunity, New York: The Free Press.
Agnew, R. (1992) ‘Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency’, Criminology, 30: 47–87.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Downes, D. and Rock, P., Chapter 5 (‘Anomie’) in Understanding Deviance (2003) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chicago School:
Key readings:
Park, R.E. ‘The city: suggestions for the investigation of human behaviour in the urban environment’ in Park,
R.E., Burgess, E.W., and McKenzie, R.D. (eds), The City (1925) Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Shaw, C.R. and McKay, H.D. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sutherland, E. (1942) Principles of Criminology, Philadelphia, J.P. Lippincott.
Anderson, N. (1975) The Hobo: The Sociology of the Homeless Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Vold, G., Bernard, T., and Snipes, J., Chapter 7 (‘Neighbourhoods and crime’) in Theoretical Criminology (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
‘Labelling’ Theory (including social interactionism):
Key readings:
Becker, H.S. (1963) Outsiders. Free Press of Glencoe: Collier-Macmillan.
Goffman, E. (1968) Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity. London: Penguin.
Matza, D. and Sykes, G. (1957) ‘Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency’, American Sociological Review,
22 pp. 664–70.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Lilly, R., Cullen, F., and Ball, R., Chapter 5 (‘The irony of state intervention: labelling theory’) in Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (2002) London: Sage.
Downes, D. and Rock, P., Chapter 6 (‘Symbolic interactionism’) in Understanding Deviance (2003) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marxist/Radical Criminology:
Key readings:
Taylor, I., Walton, P., and Young, J. (1973) New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Quinney, R. (1974) Critique of the Legal Order: Crime Control in Capitalist Society. Boston: Little Brown.
Box, S. (1983) Crime, Power and Mystification. London: Tavistock.
Chambliss, W. (1975) ‘Toward a political economy of crime’, Theory and Society, 2 pp. 149–70.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Jones, S., Chapter 10 (‘Confl ict, Marxist and Radical theories of crime’) in Criminology (2001) London: Butterworths.
Lanier, M. and Henry, S., Chapter 11 (‘Capitalism as a criminogenic society: conflict and radical theories of crime’) in Essential Criminology (1998) Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Feminist Perspectives:
Key readings:
Smart, C. (1976) Women, Crime and Criminology, London: Routledge.
Heidensohn, F. ‘Gender and crime’ in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R. (eds) (1st edn) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (1994) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gelsthorpe, L., ‘Feminist methodologies in criminology: old wine in new bottles’ in Gelsthorpe, L., and Morris, A., Feminist Perspectives in Criminology (1990) Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Jefferson, T. ‘Masculinities and crime’ in Maguire, R., Morgan, M., and Reiner, R. (eds) (2nd edn), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (1997) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Hopkins-Burke, R., Chapter 10 (‘Feminist perspectives’) in An Introduction to Criminological Theory (2001) Willan: Cullompton.
Right Realism:
Key readings:
Wilson, J.Q. (1985) Thinking About Crime. New York: Vintage Books.
Wilson, J.Q. and Kelling, G. (1982) ‘Broken Windows’ Atlantic Monthly, pp. 29–38.
Wilson, J.Q. and Herrnstein, R. (1985) Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Hernstein, R. and Murray, C. (1994) The Bell Curve, New York: The Free Press.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Lilly, R. Cullen, F., and Ball, R., Chapter 8 (‘Conservative criminology: revitalizing individualistic theory’) in Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (1995) London: Sage.
Left Realism:
Key readings:
Lea, J. and Young, J. (1984) What is to be done about Law and Order? Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Currie, E. (1985) Confronting Crime. New York: Pantheon.
Kinsey, R., Lea, J., and Young, J. (1986) Losing the Fight Against Crime. Oxford: Blackwell.
Young, J. (1992) ‘Ten points of realism’, in Young, J. and Matthews, R. Rethinking Criminology: The Realist Debate (1992) London: Sage.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Hopkins-Burke, R., Chapter 15 (‘Left realism’) in An Introduction to Criminological Theory (2001) Willan: Cullompton.
Control Theory:
Key readings:
Hirschi, T. (1969) Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Gottfredson, M. and Hirschi, T. (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
Reis, A.J. (1951) ‘Delinquency as a failure of personal and social controls’. American Sociological Review, 16: 196–207.
Agnew, R. (1985) ‘Social control theory and delinquency: a longitudinal test’, Criminology, 23 pp. 47–61.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Vold, G., Bernard, T., and Snipes, J., Chapter 10 (‘Control theories’) in Theoretical Criminology (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cultural Criminology:
Key readings:
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., and Young, J. (2008) Cultural Criminology: An Invitation, London: Sage.
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., Morrison, W., and Presdee, M. (2004) Cultural Criminology Unleashed. London: GlassHouse Press.
Ferrell, J. and Sanders, C.S. (1995) Cultural Criminology. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Presdee, M. (2000) Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime, London: Routledge.
Textbook reading/secondary source:
Hayward, K. and Young, J. ‘Cultural criminology’ in Maguire, M. et al. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (2007) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morrison, W., Chapter 13 (‘Culture and crime in the postmodern condition’) in Theoretical Criminology: From Modernity to Postmodernism (1995) London: Cavendish.


