Chapter 5

International issues: Incapacitation

Brown, M. (1998) 'Serious Violence and Dilemmas of Sentencing: A Comparison of Three Incapacitation Policies' Crim. L.R. 710. [This article examines data from New Zealand to compare three possible incapacitation strategies. It also critiques those provisions found in that jurisdiction and elsewhere which are based on making a distinction between 'ordinary' offenders and dangerous offenders.]
Cavadino, P. and Dignan, J. (2006) Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach, London, Sage. [In chapter 3 the authors discuss some of the factors influencing the expansion of imprisonment in the United States.]

Early release

Amos, M. (2004) 'R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Anderson - Ending the Home Secretary's Sentencing Role' MLR Vol 67 108-123.
Gullick, M. (2004) 'Sentencing and Early Release of Fixed Term Prisoners' Crim. L.R. 653-662. [This article reviews the provisions in the Criminal Justice Act 2003.]
Shute, S. (2004) 'Punishing murderers: release procedures and the "tariff";, 1953-2004'. Crim.L.R. 873-895.
Valier, C. (2003) 'Minimum Terms of Imprisonment in Murder, Just Deserts and the Sentencing Guidelines' Crim. L.R. 326-335.

Incapacitation and public protection

Ashworth, A. (2004) 'Criminal Justice Act 2003: Part 2: Criminal Justice Reform - principle, human rights and public protection, Crim. L.R. 516-32.
Beckett, K. and Western, B. (2001) 'Governing social marginality: Welfare, incarceration and the transformation of state policy', in D. Garland (ed.) Mass Imprisonment. London, Sage, 35-50.
Van Zyl Smit, D. and Ashworth, A. (2004) 'Disproportionate Sentences as Human Rights Violations' MLR vol 67(4) 541-560.

Managing criminality: risk and dangerousness

Beck, U. (1992) The Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London, Sage. [An influential theoretical analysis of the role of risk in (post) modern society.]
Floud, J. (1982) 'Dangerousness and Criminal Justice' Brit. J. of Criminology Vol 22. No. 3, 213.
Frieberg, A. (2000) 'Guerillas in our midst? Judicial responses to governing the dangerous' in M. Brown and J. Pratt (eds) Dangerous Offenders. London, Routledge.
Hannah-Moffat, K. and O-Malley, P. (eds) (2007) Gendered Risks. London: Routledge-Cavendish
Kemshall, H. (2003) Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice. Milton Keynes, Open University Press. [This book offers detailed introductory material on concepts of risk and risk assessment generally.]
Lyon, D. (ed) (2006) Theorising Surveillance: the panopticon and beyond. Cullompton, Willan.

Oxford University Press, Online Resource Centre, Chapter 5.