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Maguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 4e

Chapter 31

General texts on probation and community penalties quite quickly become dated. Among the most useful at the moment are Worrall and Hoy's Punishment in the Community (Cullompton, Devon: Willan, 2005), Raynor and Vanstone's Understanding Community Penalties (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2002) and Raynor and Robinson Rehabilitation, Crime and Justice (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005). Three good edited collections are Nellis and Chui's Moving Probation Forward (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2003), Burnett and Roberts's What Works in Probation and Youth Justice (Cullompton, Devon: Willan, 2004) and, most comprehensive of all, Bottoms, Rex, and Robinson's Alternatives to Prison (Cullompton, Devon: Willan, 2004). Good histories of the probation service can be found in Vanstone's Supervising Offenders in the Community: a history of probation theory and practice (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004) and Whitehead and Statham's The History of Probation (Crayford: Shaw & Sons, 2006). A new Probation Handbook edited by Gelsthorpe and Morgan is in preparation for Willan. For NOMS, see Patrick Carter's original report, Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime (London: Home Office, 2003) and Reshaping Probation and Prisons edited by Hough, Allen, and Padel (Bristol: Policy Press, 2006).

Other useful texts and articles on particular aspects of probation service practice include Trotter's Working with Involuntary Clients (London: Sage, 1999), and Bottoms and Stelman's excellent Social Inquiry Reports (Aldershot: Wildwood House, 1988). Community service orders (later community punishment orders, now 'unpaid work') were well covered in their early days by texts such as Pease and McWilliams' edited collection, Community Service by Order (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1980) and, more recently, by McIvor's Scottish evaluative study, Sentenced to Serve (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992). References to the Community Service Pathfinder research are given in the main text of this chapter.

The resettlement of prisoners is addressed in a seminal report by the Social Exclusion Unit, Reducing Re-offending by Ex-Prisoners (London: SEU, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2002) and in several recent studies, of which the latest is Clancy et al., Getting out and Staying Out (Bristol: Policy Press, 2006). On risk, Kemshall's Risk in Probation Practice (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998) and Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2005) are useful, as are a number of articles (for example, Robinson (1999), 'Risk Management and Rehabilitation in the Probation Service: Collision and Collusion, Howard Journal, 38(4): 421–33; and Kemshall and Maguire (2001), 'Public Protection, Partnership and Risk Penality: The Multi-Agency Risk Management of Sexual and Violent Offenders', Punishment and Society, 3: 237–64).

Lastly, the recent literature on 'What Works' includes two excellent edited collections, one from Britain and one from America: McGuire's Offender Rehabilitation and Treatment (Chichester: Wiley, 2002) and Harland's Choosing Correctional Options that Work (Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1996). Anyone still needing to be convinced about why probation and resettlement services are necessary and useful might try Tony Parker's The Unknown Citizen (London: Hutchinson, 1963).