Maguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 4e 
Selected chapters from previous editions
Figures and tables from the textMaguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 4e
Chapter 31
Did probation work better when it was a local, voluntary service rather than an arm of the state's correctional apparatus?
Was implementation of 'what works' programmes by the Probation Service from the mid-1990s onwards accompanied by a clear sentencing strategy? (See also Chapter 29)
Is the Government's plan to develop probation trusts informed more by its wish to create a market in probation services rather than by the aim of controlling or reducing resort to custody? (See also Chapters 25, 32)
What theories about offending behaviour suggest that cognitive-behavioural programmes should work? Do such theories suggest that programmes should work for all offenders, or for some? (See also Chapters 2, 19, 20, 21)
How can good offender management support the effectiveness of programmes? How can poor offender management undermine them?
Does the Probation Service have a future?
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