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Choose your answers from a-d by clicking the radio button next to each choice and then press 'Submit' to get your score.

Regarding the renal circulation:

a) The kidneys receive about 10% of the resting cardiac output.

b) As cardiac output increases during exercise renal blood flow rises.

c) Renal blood flow is maintained within narrow limits despite changes in arterial blood pressure.

d) Increased activity in the renal sympathetic nerves results in increased blood flow to the kidneys.

Regarding the glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

a) The GFR depends on the pressure in the afferent arterioles.

b) A substance that has a clearance less than the GFR must have been secreted by the renal tubules.

c) The glomerular filtration rate can be determined by measuring the clearance of insulin.

d) The glomerular filtrate has the same composition as plasma.

Regarding the transport of glucose by the renal tubules:

a) In a healthy person, the distal tubules reabsorb all of the filtered glucose.

b) Glucose is secreted into the urine in small quantities.

c) The transport maximum for glucose is about 36 mg min^-1.

d) Glucose transport by the renal tubules is linked to sodium transport.

Concerning the excretion of acid by the kidneys:

a) The filtered bicarbonate is absorbed by anion transport.

b) The intercalated cells of the distal tubule secrete hydrogen ions to reabsorb bicarbonate from the tubular fluid.

c) All of the filtered bicarbonate is normally reabsorbed in the first half of the distal tubule.

d) Urine pH is normally greater than that of plasma.

Regarding the regulation of plasma sodium:

a) The granular cells of the afferent arterioles cells secrete renin when plasma sodium is low.

b) Angiotensin II is formed from renin by the action of an enzyme found on the endothelium of the pulmonary blood vessels.

c) The uptake of sodium ions is regulated by the proximal tubule.

d) Sodium transport by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle occurs by the same mechanism as that of the proximal tubule.

Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys:

a) The renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla.

b) ADH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolality of the blood.

c) A normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolality greater than 300 mOsmol.kg^-1.

d) ADH acts on the P cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water.

Oxford University Press, Online Resource Centre, Chapter 17.