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Question 01

Regarding the airways and alveoli:

a) The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are all prevented from collapsing by the cartilage in their walls.

b) The small diameter airways are the main sites of airways resistance.

c) The upper airways play an important role in protecting the lungs from airborne particles.

d) The alveoli are the only site of gas exchange.

Question 02

In a normal healthy individual with a total lung capacity of 6 liters:

a) The tidal volume at rest is about 1 liter.

b) The functional residual capacity would be about 2 liters.

c) The expiratory reserve volume at rest would be about 2 liters.

d) The FEV₁ would be equivalent to about 1.5 liters.

Question 03

Concerning the mechanics of ventilation:

a) The change in the volume of the lungs with pressure is a measure of their compliance.

b) The total compliance of the chest is determined solely by the compliance of the lungs.

c) The recoil of the lungs assists inspiration.

d) Pulmonary surfactant maintains a constant low surface tension in the alveoli.

Question 04

Concerning ventilation and gas exchange:

a) The anatomical dead space is the volume of air taken in during a breath that does not enter the alveoli.

b) The anatomical dead space is independent of the tidal volume.

c) In an upright lung, the alveolar ventilation is always highest at the base.

d) The

ratio for a subject in a sitting position decreases with distance above the base of the lung.

Question 05

Regarding the pulmonary circulation:

a) The pressures in the pulmonary arteries are similar to those in the systemic arteries.

b) The resistance of the pulmonary circulation rises as the pulmonary blood flow increases.

c) The mean pressure in the pulmonary arteries rises as cardiac output increases.

d) The pattern of pulmonary blood flow is independent of posture.

Question 06

Concerning the control of respiration:

a) The respiratory muscles have an intrinsic rhythmical activity.

b) The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the lower medulla.

c) Respiration will stop if all afferent nerves to the lungs are cut.

d) The intercostal muscles are the principal muscles of respiration.

Question 07

Concerning the chemical regulation of respiration:

a) The depth and rate of ventilation is decreased when a subject breathes air containing pure oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure.

b) The central chemoreceptors sense the oxygen tension of the arterial blood.

c) In man, the peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch.

d) The peripheral chemoreceptors are the only receptors able to respond to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.

Oxford University Press, Online Resource Centre, Chapter 16.

Chapter 16

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