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Mitchell: An Introduction to Orthodontics 3e
Chapter 19
Functional appliances
Proffit, W. R. and Sarver, D. M. (2003). Treatment planning: optimizing the benefit for the patient. In: Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity, Mosby, St Louis, pp. 172-82.
This Chapter gives a good overview of the role of functional appliances and growth modification in the correction of dentofacial deformity.Harrison, J. E., O'Brien, K. D., and Worthington, H. V. (2007). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007.
This systematic review discusses the evidence behind treatment of patients with increased overjets, and includes summaries of the best quality studies using functional appliances.Keeling, S. D., Wheeler, T. T., King, G. J., Garvan, C. W., Cohen, D. A., Cabassa, S., McGorray, S. P., and Taylor, M. G. (1998). Anteroposterior skeletal and dental changes after early Class II treatment with bionators and headgear. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 113, 40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/S0889-5406%2898%2970275-6]
O'Brien, K. D. et al. (2003). Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or Twin-Block appliances: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 124, 128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/S0889-5406%2803%2900345-7]
O'Brien, K. D. et al. (2003). Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomised, controlled trial. Part 1: Dental and skeletal effects. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 124, 234-43. [DOI: 10.1016/S0889-5406%2803%2900352-4]
O'Brien, K. D. et al. (2003). Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomised, controlled trial. Part 2: Psychosocial effects. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 124, 488-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.06.001]
Tulloch, J. F. C., Proffit, W. R., and Phillips, C. (2004). Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early class II treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 125, 657-67. [PubMed 15179390] [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.02.008]
The five papers above describe randomized controlled clinical trials involving functional appliances and are well worth reading.